Earth and Life Science Quarter 1 – Module 20 Mitigation to Coastal Processes and Hazards
Earth and Life Science – Senior High School Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 20: Mitigation to Coastal Processes and Hazards First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Development Team of the Module Writer: Arrah S. Sulit Editors: Erwin R. Abrencillo Jocelyn M. Manset Reviewers: Dominic P. Almirez, Franz Kevin Manalo Princess Paolah L. De Guzman, Marissa C. Betchaida, Louie L. Alvarez Gregorio M. De Chavez, Jr., Jocelyn M. Manset, Mario B. Maramot, Elaine T. Balaogan Job S. Zape Jr. Illustrator: Ednelinda Robles, Cherry Amor Laroza Lovely Joy La Rosa, Charles Erick A. Jusay, Sandro Carlo B. Tablizo Layout Artist: Elizalde L. Piol, Anselma M. Ebero Jocelyn M. Manset Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral Job S. Zape Jr. Eugenio S. Adrao Elaine T. Balaogan Merthel M. Evardome Nadine C. Celindro Nicolas M. Burgos Mario B. Maramot Fe M. Ong-ongowan Rosalinda A. Mendoza
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Earth and Life Science Quarter 1 – Module 20: Mitigation to Coastal Processes and Hazards
Introductory Message For the facilitator: Welcome to the Earth and Life Science Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module 20 on Mitigation to Coastal Processes and Hazards! This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling. This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances. In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module:
Notes to the Teacher This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners.
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
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For the learner: Welcome to the Earth and Life Science Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module 20 on Mitigation to Coastal Processes and Hazards! The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands! This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner. This module has the following parts and corresponding icons: What I Need to Know
This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to learn in the module.
What I Know
This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already know about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers correct (100%), you may decide to skip this module.
What’s In
This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one.
What’s New
In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation.
What is It
This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills.
What’s More
This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module.
What I Have Learned
This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what you learned from the lesson.
What I Can Do
This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new knowledge or
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skill into real life situations or concerns. Assessment
This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning competency.
Additional Activities
In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned. This also tends retention of learned concepts.
Answer Key
This contains answers to all activities in the module.
At the end of this module you will also find:
References
This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.
The following are some reminders in using this module: 1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. 2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included in the module. 3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task. 4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers. 5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next. 6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
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What I Need to Know This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the nature of Earth and Life Science. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using. The module covers: •
Lesson 1 – Mitigation to Coastal Processes and Hazards
After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. identify the different impacts of human activities to coastal processes; 2. define mitigation to coastal hazards development; and 3. enumerate different ways to prevent or mitigate the impact of land, waste disposal and construction of structures on coastal processes.
What I Know Directions. Read the following questions and choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Which of the following is NOT a reason for human population to choose coastal zones as settling grounds? A. fertile agricultural land B. abundant marine resources C. peaceful and safe residential area D. great possibility for trade and transport 2. What refers to the action taken to eliminate or reduce the long-term risks and hazards in the coastal area? A. alteration B. mitigation C. renovation D. restoration
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3. What are the two processes interacting in a highly dynamic natural systems of coastlines? A. chemical and physical processes B. endogenic and exogenic processes C. oceanic and continental processes D. atmospheric and geologic processes 4. Which of the following activities in coastal areas DOES NOT trigger hazard to the natural balance of coastal system? A. allowed number of tourists B. construction of houses C. development of hotels D. prohibition of mining 5. Which of the following is NOT a result of a geologically active zone on Earth coastal system? A. erosion B. salt intrusion C. sea-level change D. water nourishment 6. What refers to a climate change phenomenon through which ocean water volume increases, ice sheets and glaciers melt, and thermal expansion occurs? A. erosion B. salt intrusion C. sea-level change D. water nourishment 7. What do you call the movement of saline water to fresh water aquifers which can lead to the degradation or contamination of ground water including drinking water resources? A. erosion B. salt intrusion C. sea-level change D. dewatering of beach 8. Which of the following is an impact of mining activities to coastal processes? A. deposition B. ice melting C. reforestation D. surface run-off 9. Which of the following is the BEST method to avoid erosion? A. break water construction B. controlling land development C. improving waste management D. maintaining plant cover or vegetation
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10. Which of the following processes is described as pumping out water from the shores to prevent erosion? A. beach dewatering B. beach nourishment C. breakwater construction D. installation of sand bags 11. Which method are you going to use when there is a need to add a large amount of sand to the coast? A. beach dewatering B. beach nourishment C. breakwater construction D. installation of sand bags 12. What will you construct to prevent the further advancement of saltwater if already present in the coastal areas? A. beach hotels B. beach house C. breakwater D. sand bags 13. Which of the following DOES NOT ensure effective management of saltwater intrusion cases? A. construction of seawalls B. monitoring of coastal activities C. assessment of coastal areas regularly D. regulation of human activities along coastal zone 14. One of your classmates is living in a coastal area of the community. You found out that this coastal area is already polluted. What activity can you suggest to mitigate the said problem? A. acoustic concert B. coastal clean-up drive C. population control campaign D. recollection and reflection among the community 15. Your school is located in a coastal area. You notice that waves are already damaging the shore near the fence of the school especially during high tide and monsoon seasons. What can be constructed to mitigate the said problem of the school? A. beach dewatering B. breakwater C. sand bags D. E. sea wall
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Lesson
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Mitigation to Coastal Processes and Hazards
Coastal areas have been attractive settling grounds for human population as they provide abundant marine resources, fertile agricultural land and possibilities for trade and transport. This has led to high population densities and high levels of development in many coastal areas and this trend is continuing into the 21st century. At present, about 1.2 billion people live in coastal areas globally, and this number is predicted to increase to 1.8–5.2 billion by the 2080s due to a combination of population growth and coastal migration. Along with this increase follows major investments in infrastructure and the build environment. The characteristics of coastal environments, however, pose some great challenges to human habitation. Coastlines are highly dynamic natural systems that interact with terrestrial, marine and atmospheric processes and undergo continuous change in response to these processes. Over the years, human society has often failed to recognize the hazards related to these dynamics and this has led to major disasters and societal disruption to various degrees. Even today, coastal development is often taking place with little regard to the hazards present in these environments, although climate change is likely to increase the general hazard levels. Societal activities in coastal areas can also pose a hazard to the natural balance of coastal systems, thereby disrupting e.g. sensitive ecosystems and subsequently human livelihood.
Figure 1. Breakwaters
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What’s In Activity 1: Read to Fill-out! Directions. Read the article about coastal processes. Then, fill in the given table below with the corresponding information needed. According to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, coastal ecosystems of the Philippines are very productive and represent the huge amount of natural resources. It provides food and livelihood to many people. However, it is also the most geologically active zone on Earth. Coastal processes in this zone may result to erosion, submersion and saltwater intrusion. These effects could lead to different hazards such as: 1. Barrier islands movement. Barrier islands are formed due to deposition of sand brought by waves protecting the mainland from damage due to large waves. It also provides habitat for the aquatic wildlife. It can be destroyed or moved by erosion on the contrary. 2. Flooding It also destroys habitat and may lead to great erosion. The main cause of this hazard is the submersion or sea level rise, a climate change phenomenon through which ocean water volume increases, ice sheets and glaciers melt, and occurrence of thermal expansion.
3. Fresh water contamination Intrusion or movement of saline water to fresh water aquifers can lead to the degradation or contamination of ground water including drinking water resources. Intrusion is aided by hydraulic action but triggered by human activities. Table 1. Coastal processes, causes and effects of different hazards RESPONSIBLE HAZARD COASTAL CAUSES PROCESSES Barrier island movement
Loss of Wildlife Habitat
Waves
Flooding
Fresh water contamination
EFFECTS
Climate Change
Sea level change
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Salt water intrusion
Notes to the Teacher This module will help you to understand the concepts about mitigation of impacts of human activities to coastal processes. All parts consists of activities. Students should be guided with the instruction on how they will answer each. Recall the different coastal processes and you may give particular examples in the community if applicable. Expectedly you will meet the target at the end of the module.
What’s New Activity 2: Break it Out! Directions. Take a look at the given pictures. Then, answer the guide questions.
Guide Questions: 1. What can you say about the pictures? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Figure 3. Breakwaters
Figure 2. Sea walls 6
2. Explain how these ways help in preventing coastal hazards? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
What is It Activity 3: Root Mapping Coastal hazard-prone areas in the Philippine local government units in areas that are ranked extremely high in susceptibility to landslide and flooding are advised to immediately relocate the residents of these zones to safer areas. Especially during typhoons that can cause coastal hazards. Though naturally occurring, there are human activities that can affect coastal processes that may lead to hazards. With this, mitigation methods in the coastal zones for protection are enhanced in these areas. Mitigation refers to action taken to eliminate or reduce the long-term risks and hazards, Directions. Complete the following concept map by identifying the impacts and mitigation method appropriate in the given human activities. Mitigation to Human Activities’ Impact to the Coastal Processes
Home Activity
Definition
Water Disposal
Construction of Structures
Land Development
Dumping Waste
Building structures (Houses, hotel, etc.)
Altering landscape to agriculture or residential
Impact
Mitigation Method
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Options for Impacts: •
Increased erosion
•
Increased sediments run-off
•
Sea level rise
•
Change natural drainage patterns
•
Enhanced salt intrusion
Options for Mitigation Methods: • • • • • • • •
Seawalls - These are used to counteract waves that hit the shores. These are offshore structures that protect coasts from parallel waves. Groins / Stone barriers – It intercepts the steady flow of sand keeps the particular sand from eroding. Breakwaters – It can be constructed along coasts to prevent further advancement of saltwater if already present Beach nourishment – It is a method where a large amount of sand is added to the coasts. Installation of small walls or sandbags – These are used to counteract waves that hit the shores. Beach dewatering – It involves pumping out water from the shores to prevent erosion. Construction of buildings in a safe distance from the water Ban of mining activities – This can cause decrease in pollutants
Options for Mitigation Methods: • • • • • • • • • •
Maintaining plant cover – This can result to improved vegetation Monitoring and assessment - It ensures effective management of saltwater intrusion cases. Regulation of Laws Artificial recharge – It pumps freshwater to the reservoir to prevent saltwater from intruding through the coasts Engineering structures. Jetties – It prevent coastal erosion by promoting beach build-up as they trap sand Prepare and emergency survival kit Create an evacuation plan. Know where the evacuation center is and how to get there. Listen to news from any means.
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Development in Coastal Zone Coastal ecosystem are very productive and represent the ample amount of natural resources. It provides livelihood to many people for being the most famous tourist destinations in the country. Thus, there are many business men who made expeditious development in coastal zones. Along with these are the land development and number of construction sites near the zone However, it is also the most geologically active zone on Earth. Coastal processes in this zone may result to erosion, submersion and saltwater intrusion. Erosion as discussed from the previous module is brought by processes like waves and tides. During intense storms and tidal waves, most coastal erosion occurs. It may cause damages on properties, and affect human habitation and tourist activities. They put structures like seawalls to avoid that. These are used to counteract waves that hit the Figure 4. Sea walls shores. These are offshore structures that protect coasts from parallel waves. Groins / Stone barriers that intercepts the steady flow of sand are also built to keep sands from eroding. Breakwaters can also be constructed along coasts to prevent further advancement of saltwater if already present. Though these structures avoid erosion it has disadvantages, too. It prevents natural deposition of sands. They absorb wave energy but permanently destroy sand grasses and dunes. Eventually, it will destroy marine habitat. Aside from concrete structures, there are also practices that can disturb and totally destroy the natural coastal process. Beach nourishment is commonly done by adding sand to the shore to extend their houses, hotels and other structures. Likely, beach dewatering is another method to avoid erosion. It involves pumping out water from the shores. However, these practices may lead to saltwater intrusion or movement of saline water into freshwater aquifers. It will result to groundwater quality degradation. Groundwater includes drinking water. Figure 5. Breakwaters
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Global Warming and Coastal processes Crustal movements and sea level change are coastal processes and its interactions affect the climate. They are part of tight interconnected Earth system that affects both global and regional climates. On the other hand, climate change also affects these processes. We are very familiar with the enhanced global warming. It gives a lot of consequences even if it is just a few degrees increased than the usual average temperature. Global warming results to intense storms, flooding, droughts and extreme storm. High temperature resulted to ice melting. Consequently, sea level rises affecting the people throughout the world. What are the different causes of climate change?
Activity 4: We Can! Directions. Observe your community. Identify the different practices and activities that cause and triggers global warming.
Practices/ Activities of the Community
Causes of Global Warming
My Practices/ Activities
My Community
What can I do?
What can we do?
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What’s More Activity 5: Making an Action Plan Directions. Suppose you are the coordinator of the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management of your town. You are tasked to make an action plan to mitigate the effects of coastal processes in risk zone. The action plan template is already given below. Remember that the environmental and people health are your priorities. Then, kindly answer the guide questions.
Table 2. Action plan for mitigation of coastal processes and hazards
Project
Activity
Resources Needed
Persons Involved
Duration
Action Taken
Remarks
Preparation of action plans, and emergency response teams
The participants gained knowledge and skills on coastal mitigation through action plans
Resource Speaker
Project READY! Resilience Enhancem ent Amidst Disaster -Youth Empower ment
Objectives
Conduct of Symposia and Awareness Campaign
To inform and empower residents on coastal hazards and mitigation
Venue Sound System Projector
Residents Barangay Officials Committee
Learning kits
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2 months
Guide Questions:
1. What are the factors did you consider to make projects and activities? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
2. Are all your objectives measurable and attainable? Justify your answer. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the difficulties/problem did you encounter in making the action plan? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
4. How did you cope up with the problem encountered in making the action plan? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
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What I Have Learned Directions: Read the following statements and fill in the blanks with the correct answer. Choose from the pool of words given below. 1. _____________ have been attractive settling grounds for human population as they provide abundant marine resources, fertile agricultural land and possibilities for trade and transport. 2. _____________ refers to action taken to eliminate or reduce the long-term risks and hazards in the coastal area. 3. Coastlines are highly dynamic natural systems that interact with ___________, _____________, and _______________ processes and undergo continuous change in response to these processes. 4. ________________activities in coastal areas can also trigger hazard to the natural balance of coastal systems, thus disrupting e.g. sensitive ecosystems and subsequently human livelihood. 5. As the most geologically active zone on Earth coastal processes zone may result to _____________, ___________, and ____________. 6. ________________ is a climate change phenomenon through which ocean water volume increases, ice sheets and glaciers melt, and thermal expansion occurs. 7. ________________ movement of saline water to fresh water aquifers which can lead to the degradation or contamination of ground water including drinking water resources. 8. ________________is a mitigation method where a large amount of sand is added to the coasts 9. __________________ involves pumping out water from the shores to prevent erosion. 10. ___________________ or total prohibition of mining activities avoid pollution and sediments run-off. WORD POOL
coastal area
salt intrusion
erosion
mitigation
beach nourishment
adaptation
submersion
atmospheric
sea-level rise
terrestrial
putting sand bag
marine
beach dewatering
human
ban of mining
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What I Can Do Activity 6: Researcher’s Problem Directions. Suppose you are one of the leading researchers in your coastal community. A land developer wants to build a mall that is 20 feet off the edge of the coast. He presented that his mall will not be affected by coastal processes because there were no records of any major damages done in your community. As a researcher, what are the problems that the land developer might encounter if he would continue to build his mall? Answer the question in the form of a letter.
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Assessment Directions. Read the following questions and choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Which of the following activities in coastal areas can trigger hazard to the natural balance of coastal system? A. allowed number of tourists B. construction of breakwater C. enhancing vegetation D. prohibition of mining 2. Which of the following is/are natural result/s of a geologically active zone on Earth coastal system? A. breakwater B. sand erosion C. sandbags and stone barriers D. seawalls and island barriers 3. What refers to a climate change phenomenon through which ocean water volume increases, ice sheets and glaciers melt, and thermal expansion occurs? A. erosion B. salt intrusion C. sea-level change D. water nourishment 4. Which of the following is the BEST reason for human population to choose coastal zones as settling grounds? A. abundant marine resources B. peaceful and safe residential area C. small possibility for trade and transport D. unfertile agricultural land 5. What refers to the action taken to eliminate or reduce the long-term risks and hazards in the coastal area? A. alteration B. mitigation C. renovation D. restoration 6. Salt intrusion is the movement of saline water to fresh water aquifers which can lead to the following EXCEPT A. loss of vegetation B. erosion to low land area C. contamination of ground water D. shortage in drinking water supply
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7. What are the two processes interacting in a highly dynamic natural systems of coastlines? A. chemical and physical B. endogenic and exogenic C. oceanic and continental D. atmospheric and biosphere 8. The following activities promote erosion EXCEPT A. break water construction B. land development C. mining activities D. waste disposal 9. Which of the following is NOT an impact of mining activities to coastal processes? A. enhanced erosional activities B. improved biodiversity C. loss of vegetation D. surface run-off 10. Which of the following structures are built to counteract waves that hit the shores? A. barrier B. groins C. jetties D. seawalls 11. Which of the following DOES NOT ensure effective management of saltwater intrusion cases? A. construction of seawalls B. monitoring of coastal activities C. assessment of coastal areas regularly. D. regulation of human activities along coastal zone. 12. Which method are you going to use when there is a need to add a large amount of sand to the coast? A. beach promotion B. beach nourishment C. sand bag installation D. seawalls construction 13. One of your classmates is living in a coastal area of the community. You found out that this coastal area is already polluted. What activity can you suggest to mitigate the said problem? A. acoustic concert B. coastal clean-up drive C. population control campaign D. recollection and reflection among the community
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14. Your house is located in a coastal area. You notice that waves are already damaging the shore near the fence of the house especially during high tide and monsoon seasons. What can be constructed to mitigate the said problem of your house? A. artificial water recharge B. beach dewatering C. breakwater D. sea wall 15. What will you construct to prevent the further advancement of saltwater if already present in the coastal areas? A. beach nourishment B. beach dewatering C. breakwaters D. sand bags
Additional Activities
Directions. Choose one from the given the activities. Do the tasks given adhering to the theme: “Benefits and Costs of Coastal Sustainable Development.” 1. 2. 3. 4.
Write a 1000-word essay. Make a poster-collage using recyclable materials. Create a jingle. Create a two-minute infomercial.
Table 3. Rubrics for the activities Activity
Essay
Content
Grammar/ Creativity
Accurate and well-organized
Exemplar grammar
Organized with minimal error Not organize and with errors Accurate and well-organized
Poster-collage Jingle Infomercial
Organized with minimal error Not organize and with errors
With 1-5 grammatical errors With five or more grammatical errors Exemplar creativity and resourcefulness With creativity within the standard Lacking of creativity and resourcefulness
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Timeliness Submitted on or before the deadline Submitted onetwo days after the deadline Submitted a week after the deadline Submitted on or before the deadline Submitted onetwo days after the deadline Submitted a week after the deadline
Points 10 7 5 and below 10 7 5 and below
What I Know 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
C B C D D C B D D A B C A B D
What's in Activity 1 Answers may vary What's New Activity 2
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Activity 5
Activity 3
Answer may vary
Impact 1. Sea level rise 2. Erosion,Intrusion,ch anged in drainage pattern 3. Changed in drainage patterns,increased erosion Mitigation Answers may vary What I have Learn? 1. Coastal area 2. Mitigation 3. Terrestrial, marine, atmospheric 4. Human 5. Erosion, submersion, salt water intrusion Submersion Salt water intrusion Sand bag barriers Beach dewatering Ban
Assessment 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
A B C A B B C A B D A B B D C
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Answer may vary
Answer Key
References Book G.R.Thompson and J. Turk, Introduction to Earth Science,(Philippines: cengage Learning 2012) 347
Websites Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and et.al Managing Impacts of Development in Coastal Zone,(Philippines: Coastal Management Project of Department of Environment and Natural Resources, 2001) https://faspselib.denr.gov.ph A. Kotsoni, D. Dimelli and L, Ragia. Land Use Planning for Sustainable Development of Coastal Regions (Greece:2017) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316867706 M. Pawlukiewicz, P. Gupta, and C. Koelbel. Ten Principles for Coastal Development. Washington, D.C.: ULI–the Urban Land Institute, 2007. https://uli.org>uploads> https://www.encyclopedia.com/ Access: February 23, 2019
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