chapter 1 to 5 finale

DECLARATION

Name:

Matrix Number:

Saadatul Nurah Binti Mohamad Idris

ADMW 2/2019 (K)- 0531

I hereby declare that this project is the result of our work, except for the quotations and summaries with have been duty acknowledged

Signature:

Date:

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Abstrak Pengenalan: Kajian ini menumpukkan kepada pengetahuan berkaitan dengan perancang keluarga di Jalan Melur 1/1, 1/2, 1/3 dan 1/4 di Saujana Utama Sungai Buloh Tujuan : Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menilai tahap pengetahuan wanita yang sudah berkahwin berkaitan dengan perancang keluarga Kaedah: Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah cross sectional dimana data dikumpulakan bermula dari pada bulan Febuary 2020 sehingga bulan March 2020. Peserta kajian terdiri daripada 60 orang wanita yang telah berkahwin yang tinggal di Jalan Melur 1/1, 1/2, 1/3 dan 1/4 di Saujana Utama Sungai Buloh. Kajian di lakukan dengan menggunakan goggle form yang di sebarkan melalui aplikasi whatapps group. Keputusan: Berdasarkan hasil kajian hampir keseluruhan responden iaitu 50 (84.5%) berumur diantara 31 hingga 40 tahun. Sementara itu 7 (11.6%) berumur diantara 20 hingga 30 tahun mana kala yang umur 41 tahun keatas terdapat 3orang (5%). Responden yang berbangsa Melayu terdiri daripada 43 (71.1%), diikuti dengan kaun India 12(21.7%), bangsa Cina 3(5%) dan banga lain lain 1(1.7%). Tahap pendidikan responden terdiri daripada peringkat Diploma seramai 45 (75%), peringkat sekolah menengah 11(18.3%) dan peringkat ijazah 4 (6.7%).Kebanyakkan responden mempunyai pekerjaan sepenuh masa seramai 40(67%). Terdapat juga responden yang terdiri daripada pelajar yang telah mendirikan rumah tangga 17(28%). Selain daripda itu terdapat juga yang bekerja sendiri orang 3 (5%). Separuh daripada responden mempunyai pendapatan bulana melebihi Rm 2500 seramai 50 orang (83.3%) diikuti dengan pendapatan rm1500 hingga rm 2500 seramai 9 orang(15%) dan hanya 1(1.7%) orang sahaja mempunyai pendapatan kurang rm1500. Di dalam kajian ini juga bilangan anak di ambil sebagai data demografik. Responden rata-ratanya mempunyai bilanagan anak diantara 1 dan 3 seramaia 35 orang (58.3%), Responden yang mempunyai anak melebihi 3 orang seramai 13 orang(21.7%) dan terdapat juga yang masih belum mempunyai anak menjadi responden kajian seramai 12 orang (20%).

Kesimpulan:Boleh dikatakan pengetahuan berkaitan perancang keluarga bagi wanita yang telah berkahwin di Jalan Melur 1/1, 1/2, 1/3 dan 1/4 di Saujana Utama Sungai Buloh sangat baik. Ini mungkin disebabkan oleh faktor tahap pendidikan yang tinggi dan juga faktor kawasan ini merupakan kawasan bandar yang mempunyai liputan internet dan juga tahap kesedaran berkaitan perancang keluarga mudah diperolehi.

Abstract Introduction: This study focuses on knowledge related to family planning in Jalan Melur 1/1, 1/2, 1/3 and 1/4 in Saujana Utama Sungai Buloh Purpose: This study aims to assess the level of knowledge of married women related to family planning Method: This study uses cross sectional method where data is collected starting from February 2020 until March 2020. Study participants consisted of 60 married women living in Jalan Melur 1/1, 1/2, 1/3 and 1 / 4 at Saujana Utama Sungai Buloh. The study was done using a goggle form that was distributed through the whatapps group application. Results: Based on the results of the study, almost all respondents were 50 (84.5%) aged between 31 to 40 years. Meanwhile, 7 (11.6%) are between 20 to 30 years old while those aged 41 and above are 3 people (5%). Respondents who are Malay comprise 43 (71.1%), followed by India race 12 (21.7%), Chinese 3 (5%) and other race Other 1 (1.7%). The level of education of respondents consisted of Diploma level of 45 (75%), level of secondary school 11 (18.3%) and level of degree 4 (6.7%). Most respondents have a full time job of 40 (67%). There are also respondents consisting of students who have established a household of 17 (28%). Apart from that, there are also 3 (5%) selfemployed people. Half of the respondents have a monthly income of more than RM 2500 of 50 people (83.3%) followed by income of RM1500 to RM 2500 of 9 people (15%) and only 1 (1.7%) people have income less than RM1500. In this study also the number of children is taken as demographic data. The average respondent has a number of children between 1 and 3 as many as 35 people (58.3%), Respondents who have more than 3 children as many as 13 people (21.7%) and there are also those who have not yet had children to be a study respondent of 12 people (20% ).

Conclusion: It can be said that the knowledge related to family planning for women who are married in Jalan Melur 1/1, 1/2, 1/3 and 1/4 in Saujana Utama Sungai Buloh is very good. This may be due to the factor of high level of education and also the factor of this area is an urban area that has internet coverage and also the level of awareness related to family planning is easily available.

LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE

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Figure 1: Constructs of the Health Belief Model…………………………………10

LIST OF TABLES TABLE

PAGES

Table 4.2b Reliability Statistic………………………………………………………19 Table 4.2.1a Socio Demographic……………………………………………………..21 Table 4.2.1c Knowledge among married women toward contraception…………25 -26 Table 4.2.2 Determined the level of knowledge of married women………...………..27 Table 4.2.3a Analyse association between knowledge about contraception………….28 Table 4.2.3b Analyse association between Knowledge about contraception and race..29 Table 4.2.3c Analyse association between Knowledge about contraception and education level………………………………………………………………………….30 Table 4.2.3d Analyse association between Knowledge about contraception and employment ……………………………………………………………………………31 Table 4.2.3e Analyse association between Knowledge about contraception and salary……………………………………………………………………………………32 Table 4.2.3f Analyse association between Knowledge about contraception and no of children…………………………………………………………………………………33

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS IUCD ……………………………………………..Intra Uterine Contraception Device HBM ……………………………………………..Health Belief Model OC…..…………………………………………….Oral Contraception ANC………………………………………………Ante Natal Clinic MCO………………………………………………Movement Control Order SPSS………………………………………………Statistical for Social Science

CHAPTER I 1) Introduction This chapter discuss about the background of the study, problem statement, and significance of the study, the objective and research question and operational definition. In this chapter, knowledge among married women towards contraception are the main and focus of the research. There are 5 previous articles related to this topic that have been explored while doing this research. Contraception is not a new topic to discuss today. It is discussed for so many years. Contraception was previously named as birth control and already being use started since ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt century. Women at that time use a lot of methods to prevent pregnancy. Their method of birth control being mention in The Kahun Gynaecological papyrus from about 1550 BC and the Kahun papyrus from 1850 BC is some of the earliest documented descriptions about birth control. (Smith,2010)There are some method still being used until now and improvising so it being safe to use. Mainly contraception is to prevents pregnancy by interfering with the normal process of ovulation, fertilization, and implantation. There are different kinds of birth control that act at different points in the process.Contraception also allows them to put off having children until bodies are fully able to support a pregnancy. It can also prevent pregnancy for older women who face pregnancy-related risks. Contraceptive also use to reduces the need for abortion by preventing unwanted pregnancies but yet there are still a group of people that not have enough information or knowledge regarding contraception. Even though there are many benefit form contraception there is also rejection toward contraception, due to lots of negative perception and non-compliance and attitude towards contraception.

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1.1) Problem Statement Contraception has been a “taboo” issue to discuss among the public even though among married women. In Malaysia there are study done by Ramadan (2016), mention that among Malaysia women respondent and half of the Malaysian women have very low knowledge about contraception and Ramadan(2016) also stated that about 70% of maternal death in Malaysia due to lack of knowledge regarding contraception. It is shown not many Malaysian have knowledge, and there are a lot of contraception method that can be chosen and harmless to them. According to Srivastav, et al (2014) only 6.83% form 205 married women have knowledge regarding contraception. Even thought there are many source of information on contraception such as media, both printed and electronic. The most common reason for discontinuation of family planning methods was fear of side effects and misunderstanding regarding contraception, It is shown with lack of knowledge contraception won’t be able to use by most of the people. Study done by Aryeety (2010) mention in Ghana almost 82% of the respondent knowing that contraception are effective for birth control but 1/3 of them consider not to use contraception because unsure of the safety. It shown of lack of knowledge lead to failure of contraception. Thepa (2016) in her study mention most of the respondent did not know the variety of contraception even though social marketing widely spread but the information have not yet reach to the potential target. In Ghodsi (2012) there are over 200 million couples do not use contraception, despite wanting to space or limit their child.

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1.2) Background of the study Every married women’s need to know about contraception and there are many factor influence women’s decisions regarding contraception methods. According to Eisenberg et, all(2012) general contraception knowledge varies widely across populations, with notable disparities among minority and younger populations who have less awareness and understanding of various contraceptive methods. In Malaysia contraception promotion only be introduced in Postnatal clinic check-up and there are browser printed in Government Antenatal Book. Usually in postnatal, check-up Nurses will as what kind of method they want to use and usually, there will delay the answer by saying they want to discuss with her husband first. There a lot method that being introduced by Malaysia Minister of Health recommended.Women’s can choose a nonhormonal and hormonal. The Non-hormonal contraceptive methods were there is no hormones use in these methods and it will not change a woman’s menstrual cycle. Except for abstinence, they prevent pregnancy in one of several ways by creating a barrier against sperm, interrupting sperm movement, or creating a hostile or unfriendly environment for sperm. The most comment use is condom. Condom is to prevent sperm from entering the vagina, thus preventing pregnancy. Also limits the risk of sexually transmitted diseases. It is cheap, easy to use, and can prevent unplanned pregnancy and protect against most but not all sexually transmitted diseases. Easily available in drug stores or convenient stores and does not require medical personnel to prescribe. This method is quite popular and well-accepted among teenagers. There are also Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD). A small “T” – shaped object that is inserted through the cervix and placed within the cavity of the uterus. A small string hangs down from the IUCD into the upper part of the vagina and it can be felt by the woman. It can be attached with copper or hormonal rod. It occupies the uterine cavity for years ( three to five years) and decreases the lifespan and movement of the sperm. With a hormonal rod added to the device, it changes the lining of the uterus to prevent a fertilized ovum (egg) from implanting (attaching itself) to the uterine wall. Requires no daily attention,

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immediately effective, and long-lasting for years Insertion and removal require trained medical personnel in a clinic setting. Meanwhile, Hormonal contraceptive methods use hormones to prevent ovulation (release of Birth control pills. It a contraceptive taken orally is usually made from two types of hormones (estrogens and progestins). A woman takes a pill every day at about the same time for 21 days and then stops for seven days, so she gets her period. The pills stop the release of ovum (ovulation), thus preventing pregnancy. Besides preventing pregnancy effectively, it also makes a woman’s period to become more regular and shorter in duration, reduces menstrual symptoms such as cramps and bloating. It may also reduce mild acne. There are also De po-Provera injection that is injected into the muscles (intramuscular) that a woman gets every three months (four times a year). An injection is given either in the arm or upper buttocks/lower back at any time during the first five days of a woman’s period. After the initial shot, a shot is given every 11 to 13 weeks. The hormone thickens the mucus at the uterine opening, making it difficult for sperms to pass through. It also causes the lining of the uterus to thin out, preventing pregnancy to happen. It prevents pregnancy for three months at a time. It is very private, immediately effective, and slowly reduces menstrual flow and may stop periods altogether. The latest contraception is Implan. An implant containing hormone (progestins) inserted beneath the skin over the inner side of the forearm. It releases a small amount of hormone over three or five years to prevent ovulation, thicken the mucus at the uterine opening and thin out the uterine lining. It prevents pregnancy over the years, the user does not have to remember taking pills every day. According to Elkalmi et, all(2015)family planning service and supplies currently prevent 187 million unintended pregnancies each year including 60 million unplanned births and 105 million abortions meanwhile in European and American women, the awareness of having contraception is high and approximately 98% prefer using the contraceptive pill. Promoting the use of the most effective contraceptive methods requires an assessment of what women who desires reversible contraception know about the effectiveness of the available methods. Elkalmi at el (2012) mention healthcare workers have an important role to play to acknowledge the importance and right 4

concept of contraception among married couples to reduce the rate of maternal death. The lack of knowledge as well as false perceptions of healthcare workers, could be the contributing factor towards malpractice of contraception in society. Therefore, this research was aimed to access the knowledge among married women towards contraception in Saujana Utama Selangor. 1.3) Research Question 1.3.1) What is the socio-demographic variable among the respondents? 1.3.2) What is the knowledge among married women regarding contraception? 1.3.3) What is an association between knowledge about contraception and the demographics of the variable?   1.4) Research Objective 1.4.1) General Objective My general objective for this research is to assess the knowledge among married women regarding contraception in Jalan Melur 1/1, 1/2, 1/3 and 1/4 at Saujana Utama, Selangor   1.4.2) Specific objective 1.4.2a)To identify social demographic among respondent 1.4.2b) To find out significant between knowledge and practice among married women regarding contraception 1.4.3c) To determine the association between knowledge of contraception and social demographic variable among married women.

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1.5) Significant of the study 1.5.1) Nurses/ Midwife Nurses are playing an important role to give all of the knowledge to the community. Clinically as a nurse, this study is very important to know the level of knowledge contraception among women especially among married women because this knowledge is very used full not only for them-self but also to others. In Malaysia, various efforts and initiatives have been undertaken by the Ministry of Health to raise awareness among the public regarding Knowledge of contraception. The Government’s provides free method device such as condom, pills, injection and IUDs in clinic to ensure the well-being and health of the community. Otherwise, we need to evaluate women understanding about healthy lifestyle activity for proper self-care for each individual. The objective is,for all women in Malaysia have knowledge about contraception. 1.5.2) Client To increase knowledge on contraception a good campaign and continues action should take part. Give women a good and practical advice about contraception and why it is important to them is the major aim of this study. To elaborate that there are many methods of contraception that can use that very effective and cheap. There will be a selection of method that they can use to suit them. According to Olamijulo and Olorunfemi (2012), family planning services and supplies prevent 187 million unintended pregnancies every year, and this included 60 million unplanned births and 105 million abortions. This study also to advise women to care for them self and protect them self from sexual transmission disease.

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1.5.3) Organization In the Ministry of Health, there are a lot of campaign that being run by Klinik Kesihatan and Klinik Desa to promote education regarding contraception. They're given out pamphlet and performance a seminar regarding an important of contraception. There are not only promoting among the public but also a target group such as married women and why are contraception is important for a healthy living lifestyle. Promoting contraception not meaning reducing the number of children but it given women time to heal them self and time for the baby to have fullest love and attention. Renjhen et al(2010) mention using media as the pivotal role in spreading awareness to motivating knowledge to married women.It can promoting more knowledge to married women. 1.6) Limitation of study Being a such of novice in this study there a few limitations, starting such as a new researcher in this research field also with lack of experience handling a research material and lack of knowledge to conduct good research.There also lack of exposure on how to conduct a research starting by how to choose a good title that can lead to a good result and also how to search a good journal and what a journal can help you in research. There is also a limitation in time due to respondents that being provided with questionnaire respond late and did not complete the question, and because of that there is a lack of time to complete this study. To collect a good and correct data there is also a limitation.The title itself also a limitation of this study because knowledge regarding contraception among married women are not very popular subject to discuss because it very “taboo” topic and less exposure subject. Even though there is a limitation while completing this research but is an experience and challenges that teach me make me more appreciate time and keep moving forward.

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1.7) Operational Definition a)

Knowledge

Knowledge is information and understanding about a subject which a person has, or which all people have. (Collins dictionary,2019) As in this study knowledge is define as a level of understanding of the respondent

b)

Contraception Methods used to prevent pregnancy (Cambridge Dictionary, 2019)

c)IUCD A device inserted into the uterus (womb) to prevent conception (pregnancy). The IUD can be a coil, loop, triangle, or T in shape made of plastic or metal. An IUD is inserted into the uterus by a health-care professional. (https://www.medicinenet.com/) d)Non Hormonal - not involving hormones, not hormonal (Collins dictionary,2019) e)Hormonal any of various chemicals made by living cells that influence the development, growth, sex and other of an animal and are carried around in body in the blood such as male and female hormones and growth hormones (https://dictionary.cambridge.org/)

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CHAPTER 2 Review of Literature Review 2.1) Introduction According to Shuttlerworth (2006) Literature review is a part of research program, most are aware that it is a process of gathering information from other sources and documenting it. A literature review can be a precursor to the introduction of a research paper, or it can be an entire paper in itself, acting as the first stage of large research projects and allowing the supervisor to ascertain that the student is on the correct path. A literature review is a critical and in depth evaluation of previous research. It is a summary and synopsis of a particular area of research, allowing anybody reading the paper to establish why you are pursuing this particular research. A good literature review expands on the reasons behind selecting a particular research question. There are also a subtopic under this chapter such as search strategies, article selection, theoretical framework, and literature review from other study that related to the selection topic.

2.2) Theoretical Framework The Health Belief Model (HBM) model are being used in this study. The Health Belief Model (HBM) was developed in the early 1950s by social scientists at the U.S. Public Health Service to understand the failure of people to adopt disease prevention strategies or screening tests for the early detection of disease. LaMorte (2019) mention that HBM later used for patients' responses to symptoms and compliance with medical treatments. The HBM suggests that a person's belief in a personal threat of an illness or disease together with a person's belief in the effectiveness of the recommended health behaviour or action will predict the likelihood the person will adopt the behaviour. There are six constructs of the HBM. The first four constructs were developed as the original tenets of the HBM. The last two were added as research about the HBM evolved. There are Perceived susceptibility, Perceived severity, Perceived Benefits, Perceived barriers, Cue to action and Self-efficacy. INDIVIDUAL PERCEPTION MODIFIYING FACTORS PERCEIVED THREAT Perceived Seriousness Perceived Susceptibility

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LIKEHOOD OF ACTION COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS Perceived Benefits Perceived barriers

CUES TO ACTION Internal External MODIFYING AND ENABLING FACTORS Demographic Psychological Social Structure Reproductive FAMILY PLANNING DECISION MAKING LIKELIHOOD A FAMILY PLANNING BEHAVIOR Figure 2: Constructs of the Health Belief Model : Source: H.all.K.,S.,2012 2.3) Application of Health Belief model on current study Decades of research on unintended pregnancy prevention, knowledge about poor contraceptive behaviour has evolved. There are more aware of the complexities of contraceptive behaviour, which may support enhanced applications of the HBM to help identify and predict factors that influence thriving contraception in current populations and settings. In Contraceptive behaviour may have particular constraints on individual decision-making by relationships which directly affect the behaviour. For instance, condom use may be influenced by a partner who has a strong vested interest in preventing pregnancy (as compared to other health behaviours with implications for the individual, such as anti-hypertensive therapy for blood pressure management).In this characteristic of contraceptive behaviour can be adequately accounted for by thoroughly assessing modifying (social/relationship) factors within the HBM. Contraceptive use may lack ongoing reinforcement for continuing the behaviour because there are no regular perceived positive effects of taking OC (as opposed to, for example, the tangible effects of daily antihistamine use to control allergy symptoms). However, the HBM would suggest that many other sources of motivation (i.e. internal 10

and external cues, perceived benefits, perceived threat) would support the likelihood of continuing contraceptive use. There is a more complex degree of choice related to contraceptive behaviour versus other healthy behaviours because of different actions (i.e. initiation, consistent/correct use, continuation) and different methods. For instance, OCs and the copper IUD have different traits, including costs, initiation procedures, and non-contraceptive benefits, which can impact perceived benefits and barriers of each method to influence the contraceptive behaviour differently. But, with well-defined, tailored applications for a specific contraceptive behaviour or method, these considerations are sufficiently addressed by the HBM. By this study, it can increase knowledge among married women toward contraception. 2.4) Review of previous study Study conducted by Elkami et al 2015, mention that the rate of respondent was 68.6% and the result shown that the contraception knowledge was comparatively higher in student than married women. Majority the student was well aware and had a positive perception about contraception compare to married women. By using across sectional study method and using a private university students in Malaysia as among the respondent to access the knowledge, it is shown that a level of education playing a bit role to determent the outcome from the study. In Elkami et al study mention that Malay married women knowledge towards contraception have low knowledge on contraception compare to Europe and American women that approximately 99% were knowledgeable about contraception. In this study, Elkami et al mention that contraception is a problem in society due to malpractice of contraception in society. Meanwhile, a study conducted by Osaro et al, 2017, in River State Nigeria, focusing on married women in rural communities. In this study almost all women in a rural area had knowledge but only 63% had good knowledge and understand the purpose of contraception. Even though their knowledgeable quite high but the uses are unacceptably low. In Nigeria, only 5.7% of women in rural area are currently using contraception. This study also mentions that usually women in Nigeria had more than 1 children than the number they desired, and with higher total fertility rates in rural areas 11

the risk of avoidable pregnancies and pregnancy-related to death is high. There are 576 death per 100,000 live birth. Thapa et al, 2018, also done a study among married women toward married women in women Dharan. There are 45.23% of women there know about contraception. It may due to education, occupation and total income of the family. The socio-economic and demographics play a main role in the score. In this study shown knowledge married women here is very low due to logistic, encouragement from husband, level of education and women participant in decision making. In Uganda, Nsubuga et al,2016, study mentions a total of 1,008 from female respondent in this study, 97.8% know about contraception and understand the benefits of contraception. The higher score is due to most of the correspondent is among University student and most of them have more than one method knowledge regarding contraception, and yet again socio-economic and family support contribute the score. Gallo et al, 2019 study focusing on contraception knowledge due to in Vietnam married women have poor knowledge and the lack of knowledge has been identified as a possible determinate of failure to consistently and correctly use effective contraception and subsequently a key of unintended pregnancy. There a few interventions have been shown to influence the behavioural change of initiating or continuing use of contraception of prevention of pregnancy.in this study only 30.6% know and only 19.1% married women able to understand about contraception and the benefited. Eisenberg et al, 2012, done a study in St Louis and about 86% of the respondent has knowledge and 14% have a very good knowledge and understand the benefits of contraception. In this study, the respondent mainly married women and they have high of stable socio-economic family that allow them to have assessed a knowledge easy and most of them planned their family.

2.5) Summary of previous research

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Most of the research finding shown that socio-economy and knowledge play a big role in gain knowledge. Most married women in a certain country are even cannot make up their own decision to choose contraception or not. Here in Malaysia were facing the same problem, the wife cannot make up their own decision even though the person that seriously involve are the women. The knowledge that being thought toward ANC clinic is useless to them and they are not taking contraception a serious matter. Most married women in Malaysia very educated but when they talk contraception is the less favourable topic to discuss.

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 13

3 .1)

Introduction

In this chapter the methodology which involves study design, study setting, population, sampling method, research instrument, ethical consideration, pilot study, reliability and validity that being used along the research process. 3 .2)

Study Setting

This study will be conducted in Jalan Melur 1, 1/1, 1/2, 1/3 and 1/4 in Saujana Utama Selangor, The respondent are married women and there are 60 respondents that participate in this investigate to know their knowledge level toward contraception. 3 .3)

Study Design

In this study a descriptive cross- sectional design are use to access the knowledge of married women. Cross sectional research is designed to provide a picture of a situation as it naturally happens.It used to justify current practice and make judgement and also the develop theories.This approach is utilized by researchers to assess the prevalence of a serious or a prolonged effect on the health of the population and particularly useful in informing the planning and allocation of health resources. 3.4)

Population The population selected based on the number accessible population of in Jalan

Melur 1, 1/1, 1/2, 1/3 and 1/4 in Saujana Utama, Selangor. The target population are all married women in Jalan Melur 1, 1/1, 1/2, 1/3 and 1/4 in Saujana Utama Sg Buloh. 60 respondents are selected is the portion of the target population to which, the researcher has reasonable access. 3.5)

Sampling Method

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Sampling involves the selection of a portion of the population to represent the population. A sample is a subset of the population selected through sampling techniques. In this study, convenient sampling was used to recruit all the accessible population over a specific time interval or for a specified sample size. 3.5.1) Inclusion criteria The respondent is a married women staying Jalan Melur 1, 1/1, 1/2, 1/3 and 1/4 in Saujana Utama, Selangor, that can understand Malay or English. Able to read and write. Must not related with medical profession 3.5.2) Exclusion Criteria Questionnaires will not given to women below 49 year old, Respondent who cannot understands Malay or English not to answer the questionnaire. This question also will no be given to non reproductive age 3.7)

Research Instrument

Data entry was performed manually and statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 23. Initial data exploration was done including descriptive statistics and frequency distribution for normality. To assess knowledge from married women towards contraception, I used a questionnaire which contains 15 questions regarding knowledge towards contraception. Their rest of knowledge question I use a Linked style to access the respondent knowledge. From Strongly Agreed to Strongly Disagree being use which a Strongly Agreed score five and Strongly Disagree score 1, meanwhile for unsure score 3. A reverse coding for the negatively worded question. The scale measured from a maximum of 35 to minimum 7. Scoreless than 25 were taken as low knowledge if more than 25 as high knowledge. Section A : Demographic data items : age, gender, race, marital status, education level, It is the background of respondent. Section B : Knowledge of contraception This questionnaire taken from Elkami et al(2015). 3.8)

Ethical consideration

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In this study there is no ethical approval will be needed but the information that had be given by the responded are private and confidential. Respondent are allowed to refuse from the participation in this study. The data have been kept will not publish through any social media or printing. The questionnaire will be collected and the data were analysed. Any type of misleading information, as well as representation of primary data finding in a biased way must be avoided. 3.9)

Pilot Study Pilot studies are small-scale, preliminary studies which aim to investigate whether

crucial components of a main study usually a randomized controlled trial will be feasible. According to Junyong, 2017, the pilot study is important for improvement of the quality and efficiency of the main study. In addition, it is conducted in order to assess the safety of treatment or interventions and recruitment potentials, examine the randomization and blinding process, increase the researchers' experience with the study methods or medicine and interventions, and provide estimates for sample size calculation. . In this study, there is no pilot study done because this questionnaire already being use by other researcher. 3.10)

Reliability & Validity

A Cronhs Alpha test is use to test the reability of the question and the score is 1 meaning the question that being use is reliable. The reliability and validity of this study, researcher provided 30 questionnaire to the respondent. Retrieval of the questionnaire was complete once the respondents answered all the question. The questionnaire had been calculated to ensure the form is sufficient before the data analysed. This is to ensure the accuracy of the study is achieved. Reliability of evaluation is calculated using SPSS software via Linker Style. This questionnaire are compilation from 6 different article and selected by the authors and have consented by the original authors. 3.11)

Collection of data 16

The are 60 of respondent that answer all the question within 30min . All the questionnaire being distribute using a goggle form due to MCO by whatapps application and goggle form. Most of the respondent are qualified to answer the question. 3.12)

Data Analysis

The questionnaire collected from the respondents and all the data will been analysis. In this study, a Statistical Package For Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 are used. The results are conferred in the form of table where participant demographic data were analysed with percentage and frequency and make easily understood, and in this study a descriptive statistics and inferential statistics being used. T test being use as a tool to calculate the data for demographic and for variable data An nova test being us as a tool to measure between variable.

CHAPTER 4 17

RESULTS 4.1) Introduction This study carried out in Saujana Utama Sungai Buloh. It was my neighbourhood. I stay there almost about 11 years, and I knew the people there very well. I'm in a Surau and neighbourhood committee members, that make me have access for whatapps group and Telegram group. Saujana Utama has an exciting population mix reaching 50,000 residents upon its completion. Located on 1,000 acres in Sungai Buloh, Saujana Utama is divide into four areas; Saujana Utama 1, Saujana Utama 2, Saujana Utama 3 and the Sungai Buloh Country Resort (SBCR). To date, the population of the vibrant township has grown to 65,000. Most are young and growing families seeking healthy environment. My focus responded is at Sungai Buloh Country Resort at Jalan Melur 1, 1/1,1/2, 1/3 and 1/4. There are 60 women fulfilled the inclusion criteria and willing to take part in the study. All the data being collected through whatapps and Telegram using Google form due to Movement Control Order (MCO). The result of the study is as outlined in the table. The analysis divided into four following my objective. My objective for this research is to assess the knowledge among married women regarding contraception in Saujana Utama, Selangor at Jalan Melur 1, 1/1,1/2, 1/3 and 1/4 and to identify social demographic among respondent and to determine the association between knowledge of contraception and social demographic variable among married women.

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4.1a)Reliability Test Each questionnaire to be administered to the respondent must first be tested for liability. Therefore, I has made a liability test on all items in each variable. To see the liability of all the questionnaires administered, the researcher has made a liability test which is ‘Cronbach’s Alpha’. The results of the test found that all variables can pass the standard range of ‘Cronbach’s Alpha’ which exceeds 0.6, i.e. the value of the reliability coefficient exceeding 0.6 is considered sufficient Table 4.2a shows the item reliability for all factors used in the questionnaire paper to study this study. We can see this table shows the value of Cronbach’s Alpha is 1 and the standard is 1 Table 4.2b : Reliability Statistics Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha

Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items 1

1

4.2) Statistic Analysis 19

N of Items 5

4.2.1) Identified socio-demographic variable among the respondents. Table 4.2.1a show that the most respondent age between 31 to 40 year old with 46 (76.7%) meanwhile age between 20 to 30 year old with 11 (18.3%) are the second and the least respondent are age between 41 and above with 3 (5%), and the total mean are 1.87 and 0.468 standard deviation. Based on the analysis of the study, almost all respondents were Malay comprise 43 (71.1%), followed by Indian 12 (21.7%), Chinese 3 (5%) and Orang Asal 1 (1.7%), and the total mean are 3.47 and 0.892 standard deviation. The level of education of respondents consisted of Diploma level of 45 (75%), follow by Secondary school level 11 (18.3%) and Degree level 4 (6.7%). the total mean are 2.88 and 0.49 standard deviation. Most respondents have a full time job of 40 (67%). There are also respondents consisting of students who have established a household of 17 (28%). Apart from that, there are also 3 (5%) self-employed people. and the total mean are 3.38 and 0.904 standard deviation. Half of the respondents have a monthly income of more than RM 2500 of 50 people (83.3%) followed by income of RM1500 to RM 2500 of 9 people (15%) and only 1 (1.7%) people have income less than RM1500 and the total mean are 2.82 and 0.431 standard deviation. In this study also the number of children is taken as demographic data. The average respondent has a number of children between 1 and 3 as many as 35 people (58.3%), Respondents who have more than 3 children as many as 13 (21.7%) and respondent with no children with 12 (20% ), and the total mean are 2.02 and 0.651 standard deviation. Table 4.2.1a :Socio-demographic variable among the respondents (n=60)

20

Variable Age

Race

Education level

Employment

Income

Children

% 18.3

Mean

Median

SD

20 -30 year

Frequency 11

31 -40 year

46

76.7

1.87

2

0.468

41 and above Orang Asal

3 1

5 1.7

Indian

13

21.7

Chinese

3

5

3.47

4

0.892

Malay secondary

43 11

71.7 18.3

diploma

45

75

2.88

3

0.49

bachelor student

4 17

6.7 28.3

self employed

3

5

3.38

4

0.904

full time

40

66.7

less than 1500

1

1.7

1500 - 2500

9

15

2.82

3

0.431

more than 2500

50

83.3

no children

12

20

1 to 3

35

58.3

2.02

2

0.651

more than 3

13

21.7

4.2.1b) Determined the difference in level of knowledge on contraception Based on table 4.2c for question number 1 most of the respondent agreed with the 25 (41.7%) and only 1(1.7%) respondent Strongly Disagreed.. There are also about 20 21

(33.3%) answer not sure for this question with total mean score 12.00 and standard deviation 10.075. For question number 2 most respondent answer agreed with a total 21(35%) for the question and about 18 (30%) disagreed with the question and there are 6(10%) Strongly disagreed with the question and the total mean score 12.00 and standard deviation 7.382. There are about 40 (66.7%) respondent agreed with question male condoms can protect against sexually transmitted disease and only 2(3.3%) answer Not sure and the total mean for this question is 12.00 with 17.378 standard deviation. About 35(58.3%) respondent from 60 respondent agreed that Common side effects of contraceptive pills included weight gain and mood swing and 3(5%) out from 60 respondent answered Not sure with the question and this question total mean score 12.00 and standard deviation 14.036. Question number 5 about It is safe to have sex during infertile period, most of the respondent answer disagreed, about 23 (38%) and 19 (32%) agreed with the question. This question mean score is 12.00 and standard deviation 8.544. About 1(1.7%) respondent from 60 respondent strongly disagreed with question number 6.Most of the respondent answer Not sure about 24(40%) out of 60 respondent. A total mean score for this are 12.00 and standard deviation 10.075 This question bring a lot of debate and most of the respondent respond disagreed, 31(52%) out of 60 respondent and 22(36.6%) strongly disagreed and there are 1(1.7) strongly agreed and agreed, and the mean score for this question is 12.00 with 13.711 standard deviation.

22

Almost half of the respondent disagreed with this question and about 34(57%) from 60 respondent and the rest of the respondent about 26(43%) strongly disagreed with the question about only women are responsible to use contraception method. A total of 13.613 for standard deviation and mean score are 16.40. The number 9 question are about contraception methods bring more damage than benefits to health and 34(57%) are disagreed with this and 2(3.3%) agreed with the question and 10 (16.7) respondent not sure. This question total mean score 14.80 and standard deviation 14.653. Half of the respondent agreed 34(56.7%) about contraception methods can protect the health of family and society and only 2(3%) out of 60 respondent answer disagreed, which bring out a total mean score 13.882 and standard deviation 13.882. Question number 11 is about the use of contraceptive methods in young people will increase the risk of infertility in the future, and about 31(52%) agreed with the question and 3(5%) disagreed with the question and total mean score 10.80 and standard deviation 12.438 for this question. About 30(50%) of the respondent strongly agreed with the question and only 2(3%) answer not sure about the question number 12 and it bring a total of mean score 13.2 and the standard deviation is 14.601. Question about it is complicated to use contraceptive methods given a respond 29(48%) disagreed with the question and 15(25%) out of 60 respondent answer not sure and 16(27%) strongly disagreed with the question given and about 12.00 for the mean score and 12.268 are the standard deviation. Last question number 14 about contraceptives allow women to pursue higher education by delaying pregnancy and gain some measure of economic security and most of the

23

respondent answer strongly agreed 33(55%) and 11(18.3%) answered not sure and the remains answered agreed 16(26.7%) and with a total of mean score 12.00 and the standard deviation 13.360. For question 1 and 2, the question mainly about the side effect of the contraception and most of the respondent answer with knowledge but almost half the respondent answer with not sure. For question number 3, 4 and 5 the is about questions about contraception and their function. Most respondent answer with understanding even though some of the questions a negative word, the respondent can answer it accurately. For question number 6, 7, 8 ,9 most of the question is about the side effect of contraception towards women and most answer in a negative. Most of the respondent answer is correct and perceptive. Beginning with questions 10,11,12,13 and 14 questions is about the side effect of contraception to society. All the women can answer the question correctly, where almost all agreed and strongly agreed with it indicates that most of the respondent understand it and able to answers with cognition.

Table 4.2.1c: Knowledge Among married women toward contraception in Saujana Utama F No Question SA A N D SD Total % The risk of getting certain 6 25 20 8 1 60 types of cancer in women F 1 can be reduced by birth % 10 41.7 33.3 13.3 1.7 100 24

Mean scor SD

12.00/10.07

control pills

2

3

4

5

6

7 8

9

10

11 12

A women will not be able to pregnant for at least two month after she has stopped taking birth control pills Male condoms can protect against sexually transmitted disease Common side effects of contraceptive pills included weight gain and mood swing It is safe to have sex during infertile period There is an increased risk of breast cancer in women taking oestrogen containing oral contraceptive In order to get birth control pills, a women must have a pelvic exam Only women are responsible to use contraception method Are contraception methods bring more damage than benefits to health Contraception methods can protect the health of family and society The use of contraceptive methods in young people will increase the risk of infertility in the future Health care providers must provide counselling on contraceptive 25

F

1

21

14

18

6

60

%

1.7

35

23.33

30

10

100

F

18

40

2

%

30

66.7

3.3

0

0

F

15

35

3

7

%

25

58.3

5

11.7

F

5

19

4

23

9

60

%

8.3

32

6.7

38

15

100

F

2

16

24

17

1

60

%

3.3

26.7

40

28.3

1.7

100

F

1

1

5

31

22

60

%

1.7

1.7

8

52

36.6

100

34

26

60

57

43

100

F % F %

0

0

0

0

0

60 100 60 100

2

10

34

14

60

3.3

16.7

57

23

100

F

19

34

5

2

%

32

56.7

8.3

3

F

6

31

14

3

6

60

%

10

52

23

5

10

100

F

28

30

2

0

0

60

%

47

50

3

0

60 100

100

12.00/7.38

12.00/ 17.3

12.00/14.03

12.00/8.54

12.00/10.07

12.00/13.71

16.40/13.61

14.80/14.65

13.882/13.8

10.80/12.43

13.20/14.60

13

14

methods,mechanism of action, best time to use and possible side effects to all women It is complicated to use contraceptive methods Contraceptives allow women to pursue higher education by delaying pregnancy and gain some measure of economic security

F

15

29

16

60

25

48

27

100

0

0

0

0

F

16

33

11

%

26.7

55

18.3

%

60 100

4.2.2)Determined the level of knowledge of married women toward contraception Determined the level of knowledge of married women toward contraception using a score. The score is from Elkami et al study (2015). Using high and low to measured by classified more than 25 as high knowledge level and less than 25 as low levels. In this studies most of the respondent able to score more than 25(96.6%) and only 2 (3.33%) respondent score less than 25.

26

12.00/12.26

12.00/13.36

Table 4.2.2a: The knowledge among married women towards contraception

Knowledge level

high

low

Score

>25

<25

Frequency

58

2

Percentage

96.6%

3.33%

4.2.3) To analyse association between Knowledge about contraception and socio demographic 4.2.3a: Analyse association between Knowledge about contraception and age The finding of this study showed that there was no significant association between knowledge on contraception and socio demographic with age. The majority respondent came from 31 to 40 year old range while consists of 46 respondent (76.7%). This finding was supported in the study by Mustafa et al in 2008 with no significant between knowledge and age with the majority of the respondent was age of 31 to 40 years old.

27

Table 4.2.3a : Analyse association between Knowledge about contraception and age

Std. Minimum Maximum Deviation

N

%

Mean

df

20 -30 year

11

18.3

43.45

4.967

34

50

2

31 -40 year

46

76.7

43.24

2.549

37

49

57

41 and above

3

5

41.33

3.215

39

45

59

F

0.571 0.568

4.2.3b Analyse association between Knowledge about contraception and race The finding of this study showed that there was no significant association between knowledge on contraception and socio demographic with race. The majority respondent came from Malay while consists of 43 respondent (71.7%). This finding was supported in the study by Khan et al in 2018 were the Malay races being most of the respondent and there is no significant between knowledge and race with the majority of the respondent was Malay. Table 4.2.3b : Analyse association between Knowledge about contraception and race 28

Sig.

Std. Minimum Maximum df Deviation

N

%

Mean

Orang Asal

1

1.7

45

.

45

45

Indian

13 21.6

42.54

4.034

34

49

3

Chinese

3

47

1.732

45

48

56

Malay

43 71.7

43.07

2.746

37

50

59

5

F

Sig.

1.908

0.139

4.2.3c Analyse association between Knowledge about contraception and education level The finding of this study showed that there was no significant association between knowledge on contraception and socio demographic with education level. The majority respondent came from Diploma while consists of 45 respondent (75%). This finding was supported in the study by Yusof et al in 2018 were the education levels were categorized based on the Malaysian education system. Respondents were considered to have no formal education/primary education if they had not attended any formal schooling or had only completed up to 6 years of primary school. Those who had 29

completed 11 years of formal schooling were defined as having completed secondary education while respondents with diplomas or higher qualifications were considered as having completed tertiary education and there is no significant between knowledge and education level with the majority of the respondent was diploma. Table 4.2.3c: Analyse association between Knowledge about contraception and education level N

%

Mean

Std. Deviation

Minimum Maximum

df

Secondary 11 18.3 42.36

2.908

37

46

2

Diploma

45

75

43.42

3.166

34

50

57

Bachelor

4

6.7

42.75

3.403

38

46

59

F

Sig.

0.545 0.583

4.2.3d Analyse association between Knowledge about contraception and education employment The finding of this study showed that there was no significant association between knowledge on contraception and socio demographic with Employment. The majority respondent came from full time employment while consists of 40 respondent (66.7%). This finding was supported in the study by Khan et al in 2018 were most of the respondent having full time employment and there is no significant between knowledge and employment with the majority of the respondent was full time employment.

30

Table 4.2.3d: Analyse association between Knowledge about contraception and Employment Std.

N

%

Mean

Student

17

28.3

43.47

3.184

37

50

2

Self employed

3

5

42

1

41

43

57

Full time

40

66.7

43.15

3.207

34

49

59

Deviation

Minimum Maximum df

F

0.285 0.753

4.2.3e Analyse association between Knowledge about contraception and current salary The finding of this study showed that there was no significant association between knowledge on contraception and socio demographic with current salary. The majority respondent came from salary more than 2500 while consists of 50 respondent (83.3%). This finding was supported in the study by Khan et al in 2018 were most of the respondent having full time employment and there is no significant between knowledge and current salary with the majority of the respondent was more than 2500 and did not reveal any significant difference in distribution of socio-demographic and current salary

31

Sig.

Table 4.2.3e: Analyse association between Knowledge about contraception and current salary N

Less than 1500

1500 - 2500

more than 2500

%

1

1.7

9

15

50

83.3

Mea n

45

42.5 6

43.2 6

Std. Deviati

Minimu Maximu

df

m

m

.

45

45

2

3.575

37

46

57

3.069

34

50

59

on

F

Sig.

0.36 0.69 1

9

4.2.3f Analyse association between Knowledge about contraception and number of children The finding of this study showed that there was no significant association between knowledge on contraception and socio demographic with number of children. The majority respondent came from women with 1 to 3 children while consists of 35 respondent (58.3%). This finding was supported in the study by Rasch et al in 2007 were most of the respondent having children 1 to 3 and there is no significant between

32

knowledge and number of chilren with the majority of the respondent was 1 to 3 children. Table 4.2.3f: Analyse association between Knowledge about contraception and number of children Std. Minimum Maximum df Deviation

N

% Mean

F

Sig.

No children

12

20 41.58

4.166

34

48

2

1 to 3

35

58.3 43.91

2.406

39

49

57 2.889 0.064

more than 3

13

21.7 42.69

3.301

37

50

59

CHAPTER 5 Discussion and Conclusion 5.1) Introduction This study is about to assess the knowledge among married women regarding contraception in Saujana Utama, Selangor at Jalan Melur 1, 1/1,1/2, 1/3 and 1/4 and to 33

identify social demographic among respondent and to determine the association between knowledge of contraception and social demographic variable among married women. In this chapter, all the result has been analysing. The finding in the previous study will be interpreting. The result of the study findings will be examined and copulative to other studies that have done earlier. Thus will help the authors and reader to get an atomistic view of the study. 5.2) Discussion In this study, a total of 60 respondent participate, and all of them married women that staying in Saujana Utama at Jalan Melor 1,1/1, 1/2, 1/2 and 1/4. The most age that respondent in this study are women age 31 to 40 year old at 76.7% following by age 20 to 30 year is at 18.3% more than 40 year old at 5%. Study done by Yusof, et al, 2018 mention that the highest respondent mainly older women aged 45 to 49 years old at 79.3% due to experience. Mustafa, et al, 2008, study almost have the same target group of the respondent the range with a bit different age and a total respondent for group 21 to 30 at 53 % and group age from 31 to 40 at 31%. The combination of the two group range given a total of 84% but the setting of the study done in antenatal clinic and respondent must answer the question with a partner and the contributing factor to high respondent percentage. Pegu, et al, 2014, mention in her study that age between 20 to 30-year-old contribute to 96% of the research. The Malay are the most respondent 43 respondent at 71.7% following by Indian 13 respondent at 21.7%, the Chinese 3 respondent at 5% and Orang asal 1 respondent at 1%. Yusof, et al, 2018 mention that the Malay are the domain races and it is expected that the Malay become most of the respondent. Ismail, et al, 2019 in his study also mention that the most of the respondents in their study were Malay (64·4%) The education level, there is a lot of Diploma holder participate about 45 respondent at 75% and bachelor holders 4 participant at 5% and 11 respondent at 18.3% from a

34

secondary level that contributes to this study. Sulthana, et al, 2015 mention that education level play a big role to determine the level of knowledge in a study Ismail, et al, 2019 mention there were a higher percentage of respondents who had poor knowledge and negative attitude towards contraception due to lower education level. Most participate were a full-time worker with 40 respondent at 66.7% following by a student respondent 17 at 28.3% and 3 respondent at 5 % were a self-employment. According to Tilahun, et al, 2013 a family with a good paying job usually will easily get access with contraception and a less fortune will just have to endurance. About 50 respondent at 83.3% earning more than 2500 a month and 9 respondent at 15% earn 1500 to 2000 and 1 respondent at 1.7% earn less than 1500 per month. A study done by Gosavi, et al 2016 mention that even thought a salary in Singapore are high but it is not to determine the success of contraception knowledge. The number of children the most respondent own 1 to 3 child about 35 respondent at 58.3% and 13 respondent at 21.7% owns more than 3 children there is also a nonchildren respondent about 12 at 12% in this study. Somba, et al, 2014 mention women with children a more aware about contraception due to self awareness and responsibility.

To access the knowledge of married women toward contraception, there is 15 question that use to collect the data. Most married women that staying in Saujana Utama at Jalan Melur 1,1/1, 1/2, 1/2 and 1/4 can understand the question and answer the question, a lack of knowledge detected in question involving medical condition and diseases. Overall there no significant difference between knowledge towards married women in Saujana Utama at Jalan Melur 1, 1/1,1/2, 1/3 and 1/4 because the p-value for knowledge is .000 which smaller than alpha 0.05.

35

To analyse the knowledge among married women towards contraception is using a TTest mean-while to analyse the association between knowledge about contraception and the demographics of the variable, the data analysed using ANOVA. For the second objective in this study which is the "knowledge" among married women towards contraception, a questionnaire which contains 14 questions being use and analysis of the result is using a T-Test. The result has shown that variable "knowledge" toward contraception with mean 43.18 and SD 3.111 meanwhile p-value .000, which is there is a significant difference between Knowledge among married women in Saujana Utama at Jalan Melur 1, 1/1,1/2, 1/3 and 1/4. There was a significant association between knowledge, race and number of children. According to the result, there were a higher mean of Malay (43.07) and respondent with 1 to 3 children (43.91), and there is no significant association between knowledge, age, education level, current employment and income. According to the table, the higher mean is 43.45 from group age 20 to 30 year old. For education level, the higher mean is from diploma respondent with 43.42 and current employment higher mean is from student respondent with 43.47 and about 83.8 % and mean 2.82 and 0.431 SD for income Overall to be mentioned that my finding only applicable in Saujana Utama at Jalan Melur 1, 1/1,1/2, 1/3 and 1/4 and the future better study apply to the Malaysia population. Furthermore, this study is a good practice for me as a novice to understand knowledge among married women towards contraception. 5.3) Implication and Recommendation 5.3.1)Nursing Practise In my report, married women know about contraception and with revealing such as support group or small classes to increase more knowledge especially regarding medical side effect and a different type of contraception it will help derive more information. Staff nurse should attend more seminar to gain more knowledge and experience to handle this matter. Nowadays with a lot of information that can be reached by internet,

36

nurses should be able to explain to pt the correct knowledge and information.There are some women who are still shy to talk about their contraception knowledge. Therefore a personal nurses counselling with private room should be creating more and more nurses should be attending patient with the open-minded setting. 5.3.2)Patients In Malaysia contraception is still a taboo topic to discuss in public. Even to talk about a different type of functional contraception that available only a few of our married women know about it. An open-minded setting required to archive a excellent result on knowledge. There is a lot of resistance such as culture, religion and environment. A few cannot adapt the knowledge cause still believe with one method and did not even want to move forward for better protection. The new knowledge also it cannot be implemented if there are no changes in attitudes 5.3.3)Organization

In Malaysia under the Malaysia Minister of health there a lot of clinics that provide counselling and almost every clinic provide a piece of sufficient information. A government institution such PKKN also given a lot of information regarding this matter. A seminar should be held and combination between patient and nurses should be organize to create an understanding among patient and nurse. A lot of pamphlet and handout should be up date and improvise such a e -learning computer in every clinic , so patient can get in formation from the correct source. 5.4)Limitations While finishing this study, there is a lot of information that I gain in this study. There are a lot of articles has shown not many Malaysian are involved in this topic. There is a lot of the researcher not from Malaysian. The data are not multiracial result. In the future, a good study should be done by the Malaysia Ministry of health so the result can be used by all multiracial and not focusing on one race, religion and setting. I hope by

37

using the data, our Ministry of health can come out with a new idea to improve our married women knowledge and focus on productivity country. 5.5) Recommendation In the future for contraceptive research and development are the "woman-centred" to be reasonable, just, and also market-worthy. The challenge is to find creative ways to elicit the best response from the scientific and industrial communities in a conducive climate that protects the integrity of inquiry and the safety of consumers. With a strongly endorses continued public sector support of a basic research in innovative areas of reproductive biology as a source of new leads for contraceptive research and development and, second, in the applied research that will bring the most promising leads to fruition. This study also can be organize more smoothly next time and gain more knowledge and information towards contraception and can be more specific to each and other methods of contraception. In the future this study can help other to provides a data that can be use full to other.

5.6) Conclusion The knowledge of contraception toward married women have shown me that married women here quiet good while answering a common question but not so in question involving side effect , medical condition and negative question. There is a lot of space for improvement that can be done to produce a better result.For contraceptive knowledge, woman’s will and motivation is necessary. Mostly women that involve in

38

this study most of them are diploma holder and that kind of effect the result. Demographics factor contribute a lot of factor it is because Saujana Utama have a good internet reception and most of the respondent are working and have experience using contraception. So this is important to improve educational status of the female to overcome these barriers and increase the uptake of contraceptive knowledge.

39

Reference Elkalmi, R. M., Khan, M. U., Ahmad, A., Srikanth, B. A., Abdurhaman, N. S., Jamshed, S. Q., Awad, I. A., and Ab Hadi, H., (2015). Knowledge, awareness, and perception of contraception among senior pharmacy students in Malaysia: A pilot study. Journal of Research in Pharmacy Practice, Apr - Jun, 4, 94-98 Eisenberg, D. L., Secura, G.M., Madden, T.E., Allsworth, J. E., Zhao, Qiuhong., and Peipert, J.F.(2012). Knowledge of contraception effectiveness. Journal Obsetric Gynecology, 206,479 -487 Osara, B.O., Tobin-West, C.I., and Mezie- Okoye, M.,(2017). Knowledge of modern contraceptive and their use among rural women of childbearing age in Rivers State Nigeria. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 10(4). 1043-1048 Thapa, P., Pokharel, N., and Shrestha, M., (2018). Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Contraception among the Married Women of Reproductive Age Group in Selected Wards of Dharan Sub - Metropolitan City.Journal of Contraceptive Studies. 3(3:18). Nsubuga,H., Sekandi, J.N., Sempeera, H., and Makumbi, F.E.,(2016). Contraceptive use, knowledge , attitude, perceptions and sexual behaviour among female University student in Uganda: a cross - sectional survey. BMC Women’s Health.16(6) Doi: 10.1186/s12905-016-0286-6 Gallo, M.F., Nguyen, N., Nguyen., C., and Steiner, M.J., (2019), Knowledge of contraceptive effectiveness and method use among women in Hanoi, Vietnam. Journal Elsevier. Doi:10.1016/j.conx.2019.100009 40

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