FoodBiosecurity_PPT- Ff BUN

Food Biosecurity Applied Food Safety Education Lab Course III July 6-8/2011 SDSU Extension Health and Nutritional Sciences

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Is There a Problem? 

“For the life of me, I cannot understand why the terrorists have not attacked our food supply because it is so easy to do so”  Secretary

Tommy Thompson-press conference announcing his resignation, December 2004

www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/food-defense-training

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What is Food Biosecurity? 

The term “food biosecurity” relates to the protection of food from bioterrorism. Bioterrorism is the intentional use of biological and chemical agents for the purpose of causing harm. Some government agencies are using the term “food security” instead of “food biosecurity.”

www.cals.ncsu.edu/an_sci/extension/dairy/Earhardt%20talk 3

What is Food Biosecurity? 

The protection from the deliberate introduction of a dangerous substance into food. It may be perpetrated at any level in the food chain by an organized terrorist group, a lone “copy cat” individual or the result of criminal activity. Attacks are usually focused on a food commodity, process, company or business.

www.dpi.state.wi.us/fns/ppt/fd_​biosecurity 4

What Foods at Risk?  

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Infant formula Baby food Milk Yogurt Ice cream Soft drinks Water, bottled produce

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Canned food Honey Peanut butter Seafood, cooked Deli salad Fruit juices Flour

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What Agents Might be Used? 

Biological Heat resistant bacteria (e.g., Bacillus anthrax)  Heat sensitive bacteria (e.g., Salmonella)  Heat resistant bacteria toxins (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus toxin)  Heat sensitive bacteria toxins (e.g., Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin) 

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What Agents Might be Used? 

Chemical Water soluble, heat resistant chemicals (e.g., cyanide)  Lipid soluble, heat resistant chemicals (e.g., dioxin)  Lipid soluble, heat sensitive chemicals (e.g., ricin) 

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Terrorism Bioterrorism

Agroterrorism

Others

Biological agents targeting humans, animals, plants  Bacteria  Viruses  Fungi  Rickettsia  Toxins

Biological, chemical, or radiological agents, targeting agriculture or its components  Livestock  Food supply  Crops  Industry  workers

Conventional, radiological, nuclear, chemical

www.wvdhsem.gov/SERC/Conference07/SERC_​07_ag%20... 8

Advantages of Biologics as Weapons  

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Infectious via aerosol, GI Organisms fairly stable in environment High morbidity and mortality Person-to-person transmission (e.g., smallpox) Difficult to diagnose and/or treat Attack and effect are not simultaneous, perpetrators escape easily

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Inexpensive to produce Potential global effect (more and faster transportation) Creates panic Can overwhelm medical services Variety of victims: man, animal, crops

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Biological Warfare in History Hannibal used wine containers filled with poisonous snakes against enemies  Tartars hurl plaque-ridden corpses over city walls of Kaffa (what is now Ethiopia)  Use of ergot to poison wells in the 6th century BC  Athenians poisoning of Kirrha (590 BC) 

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Biological Warfare in History 1763: British troops infect native Americans with smallpox-laden gifts  WW I German program; anthrax  WW II Japanese program; anthrax, plague, cholera, shigella 

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History: Recent Examples 1969: Nixon ends BW program  1978: Ricin (castor bean) assassination in London  On August 29, 1984, Indian religious Rajneeshee cultists give water laced with Salmonella to two county commissioners. 

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History: Recent Examples 

In September, the Rajneeshee cult contaminates salad bars of The Dalles, OR and Wasco County, OR with Salmonella. 

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Over 750 are poisoned and 40 hospitalized. The purpose is to influence the outcome of a local election. It is only discovered a year later when members of the cult turned informants.

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History: Recent Examples 

1995 

Aum Shinrikyo, a Japanese religious cult obsessed with the apocalypse 

Released deadly Sarin nerve gas into the Tokyo subway system 

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Killing 12 people and sending more than 5,000 others to hospitals. Attack came at the peak of the Monday morning rush hour in one of the busiest commuter systems in the world. Witnesses said that subway entrances resembled battlefields as injured commuters lay gasping on the ground with blood gushing from their noses or mouths. http://cfrterrorism.org/groups/aumshinrikyo.html

History: Recent Examples 

2001 

Anthrax-laced letters sent through the mail killing 5 people.  

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Seventeen others developed symptoms, but recovered. Most of the cases are linked to mail passing through NJ, NY, or Washington, D.C. Estimated 10,000 people were placed on antibiotics. Attorney General John Ashcroft released the text from the anthrax letters sent to Daschle, Brokaw, and the NY Post.

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For less than $5.00 in mailing costs 

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Our government was shut down There were 11 cases of pulmonary anthrax with 5 deaths There were 5 cases of cutaneous anthrax Thousands of people received an unnecessary 60 days of prophylactic antibiotic treatment Caused billions in response costs Caused fear and panic among the general population

History: Recent Examples 

September 19, 2003 – Associated Press  

Grand Rapids Michigan Former supermarket employee poisoned more than 100 people after mixing insecticide into 250 lbs. of ground beef

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Health official reported 111 sickened

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Sentenced to 9 years in prison

www.dpi.state.wi.us/fns/ppt/fd_​biosecurity

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History: Recent Examples 

September 22, 2003 – Progressive Grocer  Port

Angeles, Washington  Anonymous letter sent to Safeway store threatening of tampered supermarket products  FBI called in to investigate  Letter submitted to state public health laboratory for bacterial contaminant testing  FBI questioned store employees and beginning to fingerprint them

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The Wisconsin Case 1996 an anonymous call about contaminated fat product added to feed  Chlordane (pesticide) in rendered product supplied to large feed manufacturer and distributed to 4000 farms in four states 

Milk and other products from these farms were potentially contaminated  $4 million just to dispose of products 

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Supply Chain

Why Pick Agriculture as a Target? Food and fiber accounts for ~16.4% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)  24 million Americans are employed in some aspect of agriculture  Heavily tied to other industries and sectors (transportation, food retailors, tourism, etc…) 

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Why Pick Agriculture as a Target? 

Food sector a huge economic engine: $1.24 trillion/year 

Food system complexity makes contamination a real risk  

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2,128,000 farms 30,000 food manufacturing sites (94,000 foreign) 19,000 re-packers/packers (87,000 foreign) 224,000 retail food stores 565,000 food service outlets

Ten US Ag Export Categories-2009 Soybean

16.9 (all in billions)

Meat and poultry

12.1

Corn

9.7

Other foods

8.1

Fruits and frozen juices

6.9

Animal feed

6.3

Wheat

5.5

Vegetables

4.9

Nuts

4.1

Rice

2.2

2009 Ag exports were 98.6 billion dollars In 2009, the U.S. agricultural surplus erased 13 percent of our petroleum deficit in trade. The 2009 U.S. trade surplus in agricultural goods was equivalent to 7 percent of the year's total trade deficit. Agriculture represented 1.2% of U.S. 2009 nominal GDP and employed .7% of workers (directly).

bigpictureagriculture.blogspot.com/2010/​10/us 23

Overview of Bioterrorism Agents 

BioterrorismThreats: Priority Biological Agents  Bacterial      

Anthrax Plague Tularemia Brucellosis Q fever Other  

food borne pathogens waterborne pathogens

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Viral   

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Smallpox Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Viral Encephalitis

Toxins  

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Botulism Staph Enterotoxin B Ricin toxin Tricothecene mycotoxins

Bioterrorism 

Category A Biological Disease: can be easily disseminated or transmitted person-to-person;  cause high mortality, with potential for major public health impact;  might cause public panic and social disruption; and  require special action for public health preparedness. 

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Bioterrorism 

These agents/diseases include: 

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Clostridium botulinum toxin (botulism) Yersinia pestis (the plague) Variola major (smallpox) Tularemia (Francisella tularensis) Hemorrhagic fever due to: Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) 

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Ebola virus Marburg virus 26

Bioterrorism 

Category B Biological Disease: -Second highest priority agent include those that are moderately easy to disseminate;  cause moderate morbidity and low mortality;  require specific enhancements of CDC's diagnostic capacity and enhanced disease surveillance. 

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Bioterrorism 

These agents/diseases include: 

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Q fever (Coxiella burnetii) Brucellosis (undulant fever) Glanders (Burkholderia mallei) Ricin toxin (from the castor bean Ricinus communis) Epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens (the gas gangrene bacillus) Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (staph toxin)

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Bioterrorism 

Category C Biological Disease: -- Third highest priority agents include emerging pathogens that could be engineered for mass dissemination in the future because of availability  ease of production and dissemination; and  potential for high morbidity and mortality and major health impact. 

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Food Security 

Food Safety vs. Food Security The terms “food safety” and “food security” do not mean the same thing. Food security deals with deliberate contamination of food with the intent of causing harm or disruption.

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Food Biosecurity/Safety 

Food SAFETY 

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Unintentional

contamination of food Mild to serious illness, or even death Negative business and financial impact Biological, chemical, or physical agents Address through training

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Food BIOSECURITY 

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Intentional

contamination of food Mild to serious illness, or even death Negative business and financial impact Biological, chemical, physical, nuclear, or radioactive agents Address through

prevention

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Food Security 

Food Safety = Quality Control 

An example of unintentional contamination was the 1994 contamination of pasteurized liquid ice cream mix with Salmonella enterides. The contamination occurred in a tanker truck that transported unfrozen ice cream mix.

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Food Security 

The truck had been contaminated when carrying raw egg mix on backhaul trips. The accidental contamination caused the illness of 224,000 people in 41 states and was traced to Schwan's ice cream, a nationally distributed product.

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Biosecurity Management 

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The series of management steps taken to prevent the introduction of infectious agents into a herd or flock, water or food supply. Routine Practices Involve:  Screening

 Testing  Quarantine

or isolation of newly purchased or returning animals  Monitoring or evaluation system

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A Biosecurity Checklist for School Foodservice Programs 

Keeping our Nation’s food supply safe from terrorism requires a total team effort, with participation from Federal, State, and local governments working with our country’s food and agriculture sectors.

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A Biosecurity Checklist for School Foodservice Programs 

At the Federal level, FNS will work with the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and other agencies to establish guidance for bolstering the biosecurity of food throughout its journey from farm to table-through transportation, storage, preparation, and service.

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A Biosecurity Checklist for School Foodservice Programs 1.

2.

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Establish a school food-service biosecurity management team Establish a checklist with the "prioritized levels" of measurements needed Add the security measures unique to each school Determine which security measures will be part of the plan

healthymeals.nal.usda.gov/hsmrs/biosecurity 38

A Biosecurity Checklist for School Foodservice Programs 5.

6. 7.

Assign tasks and develop a schedule of target dates for each task Track the progress made; and Continue to maintain and update the biosecurity plan.

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National School Lunch Program (NSLP) NSLP serves 30 million lunches and nearly 9 million breakfasts per day  Over 100,000 schools and  Over 20,000 school districts participate  Safety record of NSLP is very, very good, but problems do occur  Protections afforded by AMS “aggregate measure of support” only go so far 

www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/food-defense-training 40

Assemble a Team Everyone Has a Role in the Safety of Food

www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/food-defense-training.pdf

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Food Security 

Six agencies in the federal government have primary responsibility for food safety: two agencies under the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 

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Food Security 

Three agencies under the Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)  Agricultural Research Service (ARS)  Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES) 

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Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 43