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METreport
No. 9/2017 ISSN 2387-4201 Climate
Myanmar Climate Report Dr Lai Lai Aung 1 , Mrs Ei Ei Zin 1 , Ms Pwint Theingi 1 , Ms Naw Elvera 1 , Ms Phyu Phyu Aung 1 , Ms Thu Thu Han 1 , Ms Yamin Oo 1 , and Dr Reidun Gangstø Skaland 2 1
Department of Meteorology and Hydrology Myanmar, Ministry of Transport and Communications, Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar 2 Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Norway
Old Bagan, Myanmar. Photo: Sven Scheuermeier
MET report
Title Myanmar Climate Report
Date 14.09.2017
Sections Climate, Record and Research Section, DMH (Yangon), Division for climate services (MET)
Report no. No. 9/2017
Author(s) Lai Lai Aung, Ei Ei Zin, Pwint Theingi, Naw Elvera, Phyu Phyu Aung, Thu Thu Han, Yamin Oo and Reidun Gangstø Skaland
Classification ● Free ○ Restricted
Abstract Myanmar is situated in the tropical climate region, a region that is highly vulnerable to impacts from climate change. Therefore, information about climate change in Myanmar is in high demand. In this report, changing of various observed climate parameters were estimated and analyzed. New normal values for minimum and maximum temperature and rainfall, as well as for monsoon onset and withdrawal dates, were calculated for the period 1981-2010. Normal monthly mean temperature and rainfall values for the whole country of Myanmar were calculated for the new normal period and compared to values of the previous normal period 1961-1990. Frequency of days for different ranges of temperature and rainfall were computed, in addition to frequency of 10 years wind direction and wind speed. Trends of minimum and maximum temperature were also calculated and analyzed. From 1961-1990 to 1981-2010, the maximum temperature has increased at almost every station of Myanmar, whereas the minimum temperature has decreased at most of the stations. The average normal maximum temperature for the whole country of Myanmar has increased for all months, except February and December. The normal annual mean maximum temperature increased by 0.5 °C from 1961-1990 to 1981-2010. The average normal minimum temperature of Myanmar has decreased for the months January-May and SeptemberDecember, while it has not changed significantly for the months June-August. The normal rainfall pattern has decreased for the months May-August, for the other months it has not changed significantly. In the pre-monsoon and mid-monsoon seasons, the amount of rainfall has decreased over the whole country, while it has been unchanged in the months of winter and post-monsoon seasons over Myanmar, from 1961-1990 to 1981-2010. In the new normal period, the onset date of the monsoon is later and the withdrawal date is earlier than in the old normal period, which means that the duration of the rainy season has decreased. The normal duration of the monsoon period was 144 days in the period 1961-1990 and 121 days in the period of 1981-2010. Compared to the new normal (1981 to 2010) duration of monsoon period, trend studies indicate however a possible increase in the duration of the rainy season in the recent years, and more studies of long-term rainfall trends are needed.
Keywords Climate, Rainfall, Temperature, Monsoon, Normal values, Wind speed and direction.
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Forward Message
Myanmar is located between 9˚ 32' N and 28˚ 31' N latitude and 92˚ 10' E and 101˚ 11' E longitude. It has composes of (14) States and Regions, while it can be classified as meteorologically aspects by Coastal Mountainous Area, Deltaic Area, Central Dry Zone, Shan Plateau and Northern Highland Area. These areas have the different Climatic characters on Annual Rainfall and Temperature based on Location, Altitude and nature of Geography. Some of the station shows Double Peak in Annual rainfall while others show single Mode in Rainfall and/or Thundery activity. Moreover, Myanmar is situated at the NE parts of the Bay of Bengal and North of Andaman Sea, so there are some of the weather disturbances such as Cyclone, very destructive power to the Coastal areas of Landfall points, passage of Western disturbances from the NE India and Easterly Waves from Thailand and activity of Typhoon Remnants from the China Sea towards Myanmar; accentuate the aspect of Local Climate. Likewise, Myanmar has also clear evident of the Abnormal Climatic conditions mostly after 1980s such as abnormal cyclone landfall, late Monsoon Onset, early Monsoon withdrawal, variation in Monsoon strength and Monsoon Rainfall, increase of summer Temperature, winter Temperature. Moreover, Myanmar also links with the Regional Climatic teleconnection with some atmospheric oscillation like El Nino and La Nina linkage with modulation of warm and cool sea surface temperature abnormalities. Severity and duration of this abnormal regional climatic pattern strongly influence the Climate of Myanmar. Myanmar Department of Meteorology and Hydrology (DMH) under the supervision of Ministry of Transport and Communications, as a member of WMO since (1947) is mandated to observe, analyze, predict, and provide warning services for weather and climate related hazards including hazards of geologic and oceanic origins, to contribute to the safe and socio-economic benefit of welfare of communities through, among others, protection of lives and properties, reduction of the impacts of natural hazards, and sustainable resource management and development. Its main responsibility is to provide the timely, effective early warning of weather related hazards and other information to decision makers, Policy makers, Disaster Management related agencies and other various users by cooperation with the World Meteorological Organization. Forecast products comprise Bay of Bengal condition, Cyclone Frequency, Rainfall anomaly, Temperature anomaly, timing of Monsoon onset and withdrawal, rainy days 6
and foggy days according to season. Weather and climate services are expected to improve by using NWP model like WRF Model and Regional Climate Model and other advanced products from the WMO’s Regional Climate Centers. According to the MoU signed between Department of Meteorology and Hydrology (DMH) and Norwegian Meteorological Institute (MET Norway) in 2012, the Project entitled “Cooperation between DMH Myanmar and the Norwegian Meteorological Institute On Capacity Building” for enhancing the institutional and capacity building for the Hydro-meteorological services is being implemented with the funding support of Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) and in collaboration with Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC). Under this project, several “Working Groups’ formulated and ‘Climate Group’ is one of them. Meteorological variables such as temperature, rainfall, wind speed and direction etc. were studied using statistical software ‘R’ and some other common software by Climate Group. The result is summarized in this report. I hope that this report will be helpful for improved understanding the Climate of Myanmar.
Dr. Hrin Nei Thiam Director General Department of Meteorology and Hydrology Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
7
Abstract
Myanmar is situated in the tropical climate region, a region that is highly vulnerable to impacts from climate change. Therefore, information about climate change in Myanmar is in high demand. In this report, changing of various observed climate parameters were estimated and analyzed. New normal values for minimum and maximum temperature and rainfall, as well as for monsoon onset and withdrawal dates, were calculated for the period 1981-2010. Normal monthly mean temperature and rainfall values for the whole country of Myanmar were calculated for the new normal period and compared to values of the previous normal period 1961-1990. Frequency of days for different ranges of temperature and rainfall were computed, in addition to frequency of 10 years wind direction and wind speed. Trends of minimum and maximum temperature were also calculated and analyzed. From 1961-1990 to 1981-2010, the maximum temperature has increased at almost every station of Myanmar, whereas the minimum temperature has decreased at most of the stations. The average normal maximum temperature for the whole country of Myanmar has increased for all months, except February and December. The normal annual mean maximum temperature increased by 0.5 °C from 1961-1990 to 1981-2010. The average normal minimum temperature of Myanmar has decreased for the months January-May and September-December, while it has not changed significantly for the months JuneAugust. The normal rainfall pattern has decreased for the months May-August, for the other months it has not changed significantly. In the pre-monsoon and mid-monsoon seasons, the amount of rainfall has decreased over the whole country, while it has been unchanged in the months of winter and post-monsoon seasons over Myanmar, from 1961-1990 to 1981-2010. In the new normal period, the onset date of the monsoon is later and the withdrawal date is earlier than in the old normal period, which means that the duration of the rainy season has decreased. The normal duration of the monsoon period was 144 days in the period 1961-1990 and 121 days in the period of 1981-2010. Compared to the new normal (1981 to 2010) duration of monsoon period, trend studies indicate however a possible increase in the duration of the rainy season in the recent years, and more studies of long-term rainfall trends are needed. 8
Table of contents
1 Introduction
11
2 Geography
12
3 Climate of Myanmar 3.1 Climate Seasons 3.1.1 Winter or Northeast monsoon season (November - February) 3.1.2 Summer or Hot weather season (March - Mid May) 3.1.3 Rainy or Southwest monsoon season (Mid May - October)
13 14 14 14 15
4 Weather Observations in Myanmar 4.1 Department of Meteorology and Hydrology (DMH) 4.2 Observational stations at DMH 4.2.1 Basic Observation Network
17 17 18 18
5 Myanmar Climate Normals (1981-2010) 5.1 Temperature 5.1.1 Maximum Temperature 5.1.2 Minimum Temperature 5.2 Rainfall
26 26 26 29 33
6 Frequency of common weather in Myanmar 6.1 Temperature 6.1.1 Minimum Temperature 6.1.2 Maximum Temperature 6.2 Rainfall
37 37 37 41 44
7 Wind roses for different season in Myanmar
48
8 Detected changes in Myanmar Climate 8.1 Temperature Trends
54 54 9
8.2 Seasonal change of Rainfall and Temperature 8.2.1 Rainfall 8.2.2 Temperature 8.3 Monsoon
57 57 58 60
9 Conclusions
63
Acknowledgements
65
Appendix
66
List of figures
98
List of tables
102
References
105
10
1 Introduction
Myanmar is situated in the tropical climate region. However, a variation in climate is shown due to the long territory from South to North. Due to high impact of climate change in this region, information about climate change is in high demand. Meteorological variables such as minimum temperature, maximum temperature, pressure, rainfall etc. of major stations were selected and investigated. The monthly normal for maximum and minimum temperature, rainfall and 10 years mean wind were calculated for major stations of Myanmar during the period 1981-2010. Frequency of days for different ranges of temperature and rainfall were also calculated. Available information of the DMH meteorological stations were collected and documented. The quality check of weather elements such as temperature, rainfall and wind frequency were carried out by using the statistical software R, whereas RClimDex was used for quality control of temperature and rainfall data. The softwares R and RClimDex are useful for systematic climate data management and for generating quality climate products. This report is prepared with the guidance of the Norwegian Meteorological Institute.
11
2 Geography
Myanmar is roughly located between between 9˚ 32' N and 28˚ 31' N latitude and 92˚ 10' E and 101˚ 11' E longitude. It is bounded on the North by China, on the West by India and Bangladesh, on the East by Thailand and Laos PDR and in the South there is Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea. There are about 60 rivers in Myanmar. Most of the rivers flow to the Bay of Bengal from North to South. The main rivers are Ayeyarwaddy, Chindwin, Sittaung and Thanlwin. The coastline of Myanmar is about 1470 km along the continental shelf which has a shallow bathymetry at the Deltaic. The entire area of Myanmar is about 676577 sq. km. The population is about 52 millions of which about 77% live in the rural areas.
12
3 Climate of Myanmar
The climate of Myanmar is determined mainly by its geographical position. It lies in the South of the great Asiatic continent and to the North of the Indian Ocean. Myanmar is separated from neighbouring countries by high mountain walls. In the extreme North lies the great Himalaya mountain and in the Northwest lies the jungle clad hills of the Pakistan, the Chin Hills and the Yomas with an average height or between 6000 ft to 12000 ft, separating Myanmar from India. Myanmar is one of the largest rice producing countries in the world. The country is composed of low-lying plain land, hilly area in the North, Northwest, West and East regions. The great Himalayan Range is to the North and the Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal is to the South. Myanmar is one of the exemplifications of monsoon countries. Within Myanmar itself there are important features of relief which exert a dominant influence on its meteorology. The country is significantly made up of a great low land plain of Central Myanmar that formed by the valleys of the Ayeyarwaddy. The Rakhine Yoma runs from North to South parallel to the West coast of Myanmar and the BagoYoma runs along from North to South separating the Rakhine Yoma from the Central Myanmar valley area and Sittaung valley from the Shan plateau and Northern ranges of Tanintharyi mountains. Due to the diversity of relief, there are many striking contrasts of meteorological conditions in different parts of the country. In the Central part of the country lies an area with an annual average rainfall of 30 inches (762 mm) and certain parts of the coastal region receives an annual average rainfall of 200 inches (5080 mm). The mean maximum temperature of about 100°F (37.8°C) is found in Central Myanmar area during the months of March and April and the mean minimum temperature of 40°F (4.4°C) to 50°F (10.0°C) is found to occur in the Northern part of Myanmar during January and February. The country has experiences with meteorological, hydrological and seismic hazards. The Great Sittwe Cyclone of 1968, the Pathein Cyclone of 1975, the Gwa Cyclone 1982, the Maungdaw Cylone of 1994, the Cyclone Mala of 2006, the Cyclone Nargis of 13
May 2008, the effect of the Cyclone Koman (crossed Bangladesh coast) and the historical flood of year 2004, 2010 and 2015 were all extreme meteorological and hydrological events. 3.1
Climate Seasons Myanmar is situated in the tropical monsoon climate region. Based on the analysis of pressure, rainfall and temperature, the climate of this country can be described under the following four seasons:
3.1.1
Winter or Northeast monsoon season (November - February) Almost like a tap turning off, November sees a sudden cessation of the monsoon rains in Myanmar. Clear weather generally set in over the country in November. The cold season begins over Myanmar in Mid November. In this season low temperatures prevail over the whole country. Clear sky, fine weather, low humidity and temperature and a large diurnal variation of temperatures are the usual features of the weather. From about the middle of December the serenity of the weather in Northern Myanmar is broken at intervals by a series of disturbances which travel Eastwards across Northern Myanmar. The number and character of these disturbances vary, but on the average four to six disturbances may be expected in each of the months of January and February. The precipitation associated with them is small in amount but very important for the winter crops of Northern Myanmar area. Some of the disturbances give rain over the whole of the Northern Myanmar while others confine their activities to the extreme North.
3.1.2
Summer or Hot weather season (March - Mid May) This is a period of continuous and rapid rise of temperature. In March and April the highest day temperature of 100° F (37.8°C) and above occur in Central and Lower Myanmar areas. During this period of rising temperatures, the winds are variable with much less steadiness and persistence. The whole Bay of Bengal is almost calm and relax totally insignificant in storm formation. There is no storm in the past which cross the Myanmar coast during these months. By April, important changes take place in the surface air movements over Myanmar. Along the coastal region the air circulation is characterized by increasing land and sea winds. The temperatures dramatically increase all over the country starting from the Deltaic to the North up to the Central Area. The hottest area is in the rain shadow area of Central Myanmar during April when maximum temperature commonly ranges between (95°F) 35°C and (104°F) 40°C. Violent local storms form in the region during May. These storms are often accompanied by violent winds, hail and torrential rain. Cyclonic storms and depressions also form during May in South Bay of Bengal and these usually head towards Rakhine and the East Bangladesh coasts during the final stages of their journey. 14
3.1.3
Rainy or Southwest monsoon season (Mid May - October) The Southwest Monsoon is divided into 4 parts, pre monsoon (Mid April to start onset date), early monsoon (June), mid or peak monsoon (July, August), late monsoon (September to withdrawal date) and post monsoon (October, November). Southwest monsoon makes its appearance in lower Myanmar about the third week of May. It gradually extends northwards and is usually established over the whole country by about the first week of June. It is the rain-bearing current for Myanmar. The mountain ranges over the West coast along Rakhine and Tanintharyi Regions give copious rain along the coastal area with an average annual rainfall of about 200 inches (5080 mm). The low land of Deltaic area receives somewhat less rain with an average annual rainfall of about 100 inches (2540 mm). However, the rain shadowing effect caused by the Yomas in Central Myanmar leaves the area with an annual amount of rainfalls as low as about 25 inches (635 mm). During the early monsoon period depressions form in succession confined in the North Bay of Bengal and cause widespread rains along the coastal area. In the mid monsoon period, the strength of the monsoon and the accompanying rainfall increases from June to August and rainfall decreases in late monsoon period, September in coastal areas. The Central Myanmar area has double maxima rainfall in May, September and October. The monsoon begins to retreat about the middle of September. The total rainfall of the monsoon season is about 200 inches (5080 mm) in the coastal area and decreases to about 25 inches (635mm) in Central Myanmar. The Southwest monsoon retreats from Myanmar about the end of September. During this season, the rainfall decreases appreciably in the whole country except the Central region where the rainfall is at its peak due to the passage of remnant of monsoon depressions from the Bay of Bengal after crossing the Rakhine and Bangladesh coasts. In the post monsoon period (October) and the early northeast monsoon season (November), the frequency of storms and depression is at a maximum during this season and these usually form in the South Bay and usually cross toward West or Northwest.
15
Figure 1: Monthly normal rainfall over Myanmar (1981-2010)
Monthly Normal Temperature (°C) 40 35
Maximum temperature Minimum temperature
30 25 20 15 10 5 0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Figure 2: Monthly normal maximum and minimum temperature of Myanmar (19812010)
16
4 Weather Observations in Myanmar
4.1
Department of Meteorology and Hydrology (DMH) The Department of Meteorology and Hydrology Myanmar (DMH) is a Government Organization under the administrative control of the Ministry of Transport and Communications. DMH was established at the 1st April 1937 in the Yangon Region first as the Burma Meteorological Department (BMD) and the 1st observatory was established at Kaba-Aye, Yangon. BMD was a member country of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), when it organized 21st March 1951, and Director General of BMD was a Permanent Representative of Myanmar with WMO. At that time, the BMD served its duty with four officers and 22 staffs. After 1972, BMD reformed as the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology (DMH) and it supports the National project plan providing with meteorological, hydrological and seismological data. It also serves in the field of prevention on natural disaster, saving life and properties of public by issuing early warning. DMH is responsible for all tasks related to meteorological, hydrological and seismological fields in Myanmar. Main works performed by DMH are routine observation and analysis of meteorological and hydrological phenomena and providing weather information to the general public. Those tasks and services are performed real time and continuously for 24 hours every day. DMH’s main responsibility is to monitor and issue forecasts and warnings of all meteorological extreme events like tropical cyclones, severe thunderstorms/tornadoes, heavy rainfall events, droughts, cold and heat waves etc… along with daily routine forecasts round the clock. Therefore, more reliable and timely warnings are the main requirements of Myanmar. DMH held their diamond jubilee anniversary on the date of 23rd March 2012. Since 1992-1993, DMH cooperated and collaborated with Yangon and Dagon Universities for B. Sc. Meteorology and Hydrology (Honors) students in accordance with the supervision and advice of Secretary General of WMO. DMH has a milestone for establishing of mini studio and shooting for daily weather news. 17
4.2
4.2.1
Observational stations at DMH Basic Observation Network A total of 117 synoptic stations are in operation at DMH. There is 1 upper air (Radiosonde) station at Kaba-Aye, Yangon. According to the WMO guide line in 1947, there were 8 observatories for basic Meteorological data, also there were some part time observatories during that time. The number of observatories increased to 25 after 1960 and by gradual addition the total number of observatories was 77 in 1980. Later on, some observatories were established and at present the total number is 117. In this study, data of only 78 observatories were considered. The raw data were archived in CDs, DVDs and hard disks. The data before 1965 were not available at DMH. All observed data are received and gathered at the National Meteorological Communication Centre, Kaba-Aye and transmitted through GTS link to RSMC New Delhi (India), Bangkok (Thailand) and vice-versa. Some details of the DMH’s observatories are given below: Observatories established during 1947-1959: Lashio, Mandalay, Myeikhtila, Taunggyi, Kengtung, Sittwe, Thandwe, Hinthada, Tharrawady, Hmawbi, Pathein, Maubin, Mingalardon, Mawlamyine, Dawei, Co Co Island, Myeik, Kawthong Observatories established after 1964: Putao, Hkamti, Myitkyina, Homalin, Pinlebu, Katha, Bhamo, Mawlaik, Kalay, Kalaywa, Falam, Shwebo, Gangaw, Monywa, Sagaing, Thipaw, Mindat, Pakokku, Myingyan, NyaungOo (Met), Loilem, Yamethin, Pinlaung, Minghsat, Kyaukpyu, Pyinmana, Loikaw, Pyay, Taunggu (Met), Shwegyin, Hpa-an, Bago, Kaba-Aye, Belin, Yay, Var, Taunggu(Air), Theinzayat, Minbu. Observatories established after 1970: Mohmyin, Tamu, Minkin, Kanbalu, Hakha, Yay Oo, Moekok, Pyinoolwin, Paletwa, Moekaung, Kyauktaw, Chauk, Heho, Namsam, Maungdaw, Sinphyugyun, Magway, Taungdwingyi, Ann, Aunglan, Gyobinkauk, Phyu, Gwa, Ngathaingyaung, Thaton, Phyarpon, Kawkayeik, Kyeikkheme, Machanbaw, Ranthalo, Tedim, Kyaukme, Naungcho, Moemeik, Kyemon, Myinmu, Chebuda, Taungkok, Hpa-an (Agro), Lunkyaw, Hlaingtat, NyaungOo (Air), Yazin, Tatkong, Tadaoo, Pauk, Laytatpyin, Zaungtu, Khamon, Nyaunglaypin, Tagontaing, Myaungmya, Hmawbi(Agro), Khayan, Mudon, Launglon, Zalun, Kyaukse, Naypyitaw, Laputta. Global Transmission Stations: Putao, Hkamti, Myitkyina, Homalin, Katha, Bhamo, Mawlaik, Kalaywa, Hakha, Falam, Shwebo, Moekok, Lashio, Monywa, Sagaing, Mandalay, Pyinoolwin, Mindat, NyaungOo, Meikhtila, Namsam, Taunggyi, Kengtung, Pyinmana, Kyauktaw, Chauk, Sittwe, Minbu, Magway, Kyaukpyu, Manaung, Loikaw, Pyay, Taunggu, Thandwe, Gwa, Hinthada, Hmawbi, Bago, Pathein, Maubin, Mingalardon, Kaba-Aye, Hpa-an, Phyapon, Mawlamyine, Yay, Dawei, Co Co Island, Myeik, Kawthaung. 18
Table 1: Observatories of DMH which are in operation at present
Name of the observatory
Operational period
International Station Number
Latitude (North)
Longitude (East)
Elevation in meters
1.
FALAM
1964
48031
22.55
93.41
1372
2.
BAGO
1965
48093
17.20
96.30
15
3.
BELIN
1965
48100
17.13
97.14
61
4.
BHAMO
1966
48019
24.16
97.12
111
5.
CHAUK
1970
48052
20.54
94.50
82
6.
COCO ISLAND
1959
48109
14.07
93.22
2
7.
DAWEI
1946
48108
14.06
98.13
16
8.
GANGAW
1965
48036
22.10
94.08
214
9.
GWA
1982
48085
17.35
94.35
3
10. HAKHA
1989
48030
22.39
93.37
1866
11. HEHO
1979
48056
20.43
96.50
1159
12. HINTHADA
1958
48087
17.40
95.25
26
13. HKAMTI
1965
48004
26.00
95.42
146
14. HMAWBI
1953
48092
17.06
96.04
27
15. HOMALIN
1965
48010
24.52
94.55
130
16. HPA-AN
1966
48099
16.45
97.40
9
17. KABA-AYE
1968
48097
16.46
96.10
20
18. KALAYMYO
1968
48024
23.12
94.04
152
19. KALAYWA
1966
48025
23.12
94.18
109
20. VARR
1966
-
22.50
94.40
285
21. KENGTUNG
1951
48060
21.18
99.37
827
22. KATHA
1966
48018
24.10
96.20
113
23. KAWTHUNG
1947
48112
9.58
98.35
46
24. PINLEBU
1964
48017
24.05
95.22
259
25. LOILEM
1966
48058
20.55
97.33
1355
26. KYAUKPYU
1964
48071
19.25
93.33
5
27. MONGHSAT
1966
48070
20.33
99.16
572
28. LASHIO
1952
48035
22.56
97.45
747
Si. No.
19
29. LOIKAW
1966
48075
19.41
97.13
895
30. MAUBIN
1953
48095
16.44
95.39
3
31. MAGWAY
1973
48065
20.07
94.55
52
32. MANDALAY
1947
48042
21.59
96.06
74
33. THEINZAYAT
1965
-
17.32
96.54
11
34. MAWLAMYINE
1952
48103
16.30
97.37
21
35. MAWLAIK
1965
48020
23.38
94.25
115
36. MEIKTHILA
1956
48053
20.50
95.50
214
37. MINBU
1965
48064
20.10
94.53
51
38. MINDAT
1965
48045
21.23
93.57
1395
39. MINGALADON
1947
48096
16.54
96.11
28
40. MOEKOK
1982
48034
22.55
96.30
1176
41. MONYWA
1965
48037
22.06
95.08
81
42. MYEIK
1947
48110
12.26
98.36
36
43. MYINGYAN
1968
48047
21.28
95.23
60
44. MYITKYINA
1966
48008
25.22
97.24
145
45. SINPHYUGYUN
1973
48063
20.39
94.43
-
46. NYAUNGOO
1965
48048
21.12
94.55
61
47. PAKOKKU
1966
48046
21.2
95.05
57
48. LUNKYAW
1973
-
21.30
96.30
-
49. PATHEIN
1947
48094
16.46
94.46
9
50. PINLAUNG
1967
48068
20.08
96.46
1463
51. PUTAO
1967
48001
27.20
97.25
409
52. HLAINGTAT
1973
-
20.48
96.11
152
53. PYAY
1965
48077
18.48
95.13
58
54. PYINMANA
1965
48074
19.43
96.13
101
55. YAYOO
1973
48032
22.45
95.25
103
56. KYEMON
1973
-
22.15
95.15
303
57. SAGAING
1965
48039
21.54
96.35
64
58. SHWEBO
1964
48033
22.35
95.43
106
59. SHWEGYIN
1964
48089
17.55
96.52
12
60. SITTWE
1947
48062
20.08
92.53
4
61. MYAUNGMYA
1976
-
16.45
95.05
-
20
62. TAUNGOO
1965
48078
18.55
96.28
47
63. TAUNGGYI
1950
48057
20.47
97.03
1436
64. THANDWE
1947
48080
18.28
94.21
9
65. THARRAWADY
1953
48088
17.38
95.48
15
66. THATON
1973
48098
16.55
97.22
17
67. THIPAW
1966
48040
22.36
97.18
436
68. YAMETHIN
1964
48067
20.25
96.09
199
69. YAY
1964
48107
15.15
97.52
3
70. MANAUNG
1973
-
18.50
93.45
9
71. MINKIN
1972
48027
22.52
94.09
175
72. TAMU
1979
48015
24.12
94.18
177
73. KAWKAREIK
1978
48104
16.38
98.15
17
74. MYAUKOO
1978
-
20.35
93.15
14
75. YAYZIN
1983
-
19.50
96.00
-
76. MYINMU
1983
-
16.14
97.43
68
77. KYAUKME
1983
-
22.11
96.15
759
78. NGATHAINGYAUNG
1989
48086
17.24
95.05
6
Figure 3: Station elevation map of DMH
Figure 4: Station location map
21
Highest maximum and lowest minimum temperatures with date recorded at different observatories during the period (2001-2010) are given below: Table 2: Highest maximum Temperature (°C) with date of occurrence; year 2001-2010 STATION Putao
JAN 26.5
FEB 29.5
MAR 34.5
APR 38.5
MAY 37.0
JUN 37.5
JUL 37.0
AUG 36.5
SEP 35.0
OCT 35.5
NOV 30.5
DEC 26.5
Date
31/05
21/09
21/10
16/10
3/05
9/05
13/09
10/07
22/10
6/07
15/01
15/07
Myitkyina Date Bhamo Date Monghsat Date Hsipaw Date Lashio Date Taunggyi Date Kengtung Date Loilem Date Pinlaung Date Hakha Date Falam
30.0 20/08 30.6 29/09 32.1 31/05 33.4 29/01 38.9 21/07 27.8 31/05 32.0 4/05 28.5 31/01 28.3 30/05 24.9 6/06 28.6
33.5 28/06 35.8 28/06 34.6 22/09 35.0 27/09 33.5 20/09 30.0 19/05 33.6 20/09 30.0 25/09 28.2 18/09 26.4 15/09 30.5
38.0 29/07 39.0 28/04 37.1 30/04 42.3 18/01 36.5 31/07 33.0 25/10 36.5 31/07 33.0 26/04 31.4 10/10 29.5 21/10 30.7
39.0 7/03 39.5 19/05 39.1 22/10 41.0 23/10 38.0 13/06 34.3 14/10 38.4 22/10 36.0 26/10 33.0 25/07 32.5 27/03 32.6
40.7 31/05 41.3 31/05 39.5 15/10 42.0 14/10 38.1 13/10 34.6 15/10 39.6 15/10 35.5 15/10 33.4 17/10 30.0 17/10 32.6
40.5 3/05 41.5 4/05 36.9 23/07 38.0 3/05 37.0 3/05 29.6 2/10 36.6 24/07 31.5 4/10 29.6 24/07 30.0 1/03 32.2
37.5 13/09 36.5 14/09 35.5 18/03 37.0 6/05 34.6 11/05 28.5 6/03 34.6 1/04 29.5 6/03 28.4 15/10 30.0 7/02 29.0
38.0 16/06 37.0 22/03 35.1 6/03 36.2 16/06 36.0 27/05 28.8 29/01 35.6 6/03 29.5 24/01 29.4 10/10 28.0 7/03 29.0
37.2 15/05 38.5 13/09 34.5 28/03 38.0 1/05 35.6 10/06 28.7 12/09 35.0 24/08 29.5 1/03 28.3 5/05 26.6 2/02 29.5
37.0 6/07 36.9 1/09 35.2 15/01 36.0 5/07 34.4 4/07 30.2 29/09 33.5 18/02 30.0 12/03 29.4 4/07 27.0 1/02 30.8
33.3 1/08 33.6 7/09 33.8 1/02 33.0 3/05 32.4 1/07 30.0 13/09 32.4 12/09 29.5 14/09 28.6 17/09 26.2 19/08 29.5
30.0 1/02 31.5 19/05 31.3 10/06 32.0 7/10 30.5 18/09 29.2 5/10 31.0 20/07 27.5 20/07 26.8 3/05 24.7 3/05 27.0
Date
31/05
19/09
27/04
28/08
11/09
3/05
12/09
5/09
1/05
17/08
3/06
7/10
Mindat
26.7
32.2
34.9
35.7
37.0
33.6
31.0
29.9
29.7
28.8
28.1
26.5
Date
4/06
20/05
25/10
6/03
16/10
1/05
31/09
9/10
14/05
13/05
15/09
21/07
Hkamti
28.9
31.3
37.7
39.5
41.3
41.3
37.0
38.8
37.4
37.0
32.7
29.3
Date
31/06
27/04
31/07
26/09
6/07
9/05
13/09
10/06
12/09
6/07
4/03
13/03
Homalin
30.5
34.5
39.7
40.0
41.2
41.4
35.7
36.0
37.0
37.7
33.5
29.5
Date
31/05
28/06
28/04
26/09
31/05
2/05
13/09
8/10
12/09
2/09
4/07
1/04
Katha
32.5
36.6
40.2
40.6
41.9
42.1
36.5
37.5
38.2
38.8
34.9
31.7
Date
28/09
28/06
26/04
19/02
30/05
1/ 05
12/09
10/06
15/05
5/07
6/09
11/05
Pinlebu
29.0
35.0
39.0
41.0
41.0
42.0
35.5
36.5
36.5
35.0
33.0
28.5
Date
31/05
15/05
30/04
16/06
29/05
4/05
11/05
6/06
2/05
4/05
4/06
4/02
Mawlaik
30.0
37.8
41.7
42.7
42.2
42.0
37.6
36.8
37.0
36.0
33.7
39.8
Date
23/10
27/08
28/04
14,06
31/05
5/05
9/10
3/09
6/10
5/07
5/05
4/02
22
Kalewa
30.8
37.2
41.8
43.4
45.0
42.8
38.9
27.3
35.6
35.1
32.8
30.1
Date
28/09
27/06
25/10
11/10
15/10
1/05
9/10
8/10
1/05
5/05
5/05
1/03
Kalemyo
32.5
38.8
42.1
42.6
43.7
39.0
38.6
38.5
37.2
36.0
33.8
31.6
Date
28/09
21/03
23/10
14/06
15/10
9/10
9/10
8/10
11/02
3/10
1/03
2/02
Yeoo
33.0
39.2
42.0
43.2
43.0
41.5
40.0
39.2
38.7
37.0
36.2
33.5
Date
22/02
28/06
27/06
15/06
30/05
1/05
20/03
9/07
5/05
12/05
5/05
6/04
Shwebo
36.0
38.0
42.0
44.2
44.0
41.5
39.0
41.0
39.0
39.0
36.0
38.1
Date
29/09
27/09
26/10
20/08
12/10
1/05
13/10
9/07
29/08
12/08
17/09
16/07
Monywa
33.8
39.3
43.5
44.0
45.8
43.5
42.0
41.0
38.9
38.8
37.4
32.6
Date
28/09
28/09
26/10
6/10
13/10
1/05
17/10
6/09
13/09
11/08
15/09
6/09
Mandalay
34.5
39.2
42.5
44.0
45.0
42.0
40.0
39.0
38.0
39.2
39.0
33.4
Date
30/10
20/09
27/04
6/10
12/10
1/05
12/09
10/09
28/02
3/10
5/05
28/03
Table 3: Lowest minimum Temperature (°C) with date of occurrence; year 2001-2010 STATION
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
Putao
2.0
2.5
6.0
10.5
13.5
19.0
20.0
17.5
21.9
11.6
5.0
1.5
Date
24/10
3/08
1/08
1/08
1/02
26/05, 8/10
30/10
14/04
24/01
27/07
24/04
28/10
Myitkyina
6.2
8.0
11.0
14.3
17.0
20.2
22.0
23.0
21.0
15.5
9.5
7.0
Date
23/03
3/08
10/03
3/06
3/11
3/01
11/04
20/01, 2/06
13/04
29/07
30/06
31/01
Bhamo
7.0
7.7
9.5
16.5
19.0
21.5
22.0
21.0
21.2
16.2
10.0
6.8
Date
20/03
5/04
9/03
4/06
2/02
13/07
30/01
9/01
21/07
28/07
30/06
30/09
Monghsat
3.8
4.3
7.3
12.4
16.7
20.7
20.5
20.4
17.3
11.9
7.5
4.7
Date
20/07
23/07
10/07
6/02
16/06
7/04
24/07
21/02
21/07
10/02
21/01
22/06
Hsipaw
4.0
5.0
7.0
13.8
16.9
21.0
21.0
21.0
18.0
13.3
10.7
5.0
Date
4/10
21/07
8/07
5/02
20/04
11/09
23/01
18/07
30/09
24/04
29/06
30/09
Lashio
-1.9
1.0
3.0
8.0
12.5
18.4
20.1
20.0
16.9
8.5
6.0
1.0
Date
11/01
7/10
8/07
5/02
14/05
11/09
21/07
9/01
30/09
9/02
30/01
30/09
Taunggyi
3.9
5.8
8.5
11.5
12.7
16.6
16.4
16.5
15.7
10.0
6.0
3.0
Date
11/01
5/04
1/07
4/04
18/06
2/08
27/04
23/03
27/08
9/02
30/06
25/10
Kengtung
4.5
5.0
7.6
10.2
13.4
16.0
18.0
17.0
14.8
7.8
4.3
4.8
Date
11/01
5/04
4/02
4/04
15/05
9/03
15/03
31/02
21/07
9/02
28/01
23/06
Loilem
-4.0
-2.0
1.0
5.0
8.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
9.0
4.5
-2.0
-4.0
23
Date
4/10
7/10
1/08
3/09
18/06
3/08
12/09
13/08
27/07
28/04
30/08
30/09
Pinlaung
-2.0
0.1
3.5
9.0
9.6
12.6
14.8
15.0
12.0
10.2
1.3
-1.3
Date
12/01
5/04
10/07
4/04
29/06
11/08
18/04
4/07
30/08
31/04
30/06
30/09
Hakha
-4.3
-5.0
-1.0
4.6
8.9
10.2
11.5
11.0
10.0
3.5
-3.8
-4.8
Date
6/08
15/08
8/07
5/01
10/08
2/08
12/08
9/03
28/10
17/08
23/08
30/09
Falam
4.0
4.0
7.0
9.8
11.5
12.3
15.0
15.0
13.5
11.6
7.6
5.0
Date
26/01
16/08
8/03
1/04
24/03
1/05
13/01
7/06
22/07
26/08
28/06
23/08
Mindat
2.4
4.9
7.5
9.6
10.7
12.2
11.8
12.2
10.7
8.0
5.1
3.2
Date
2/06
4/08
26/05
1/09
8/05
28/05
29/05
28/09
23/10
30/04
18/05
30/09
Hkamti
4.6
4.9
9.9
14.4
17.8
21.8
21.3
21.7
19.0
15.4
10.6
5.7
Date
17/03
10/04
1/08
1/06
7/04
5/04
7/08
31/02
22/07
31/04
30/05
29/04
Homalin
5.0
5.7
7.4
15.0
17.5
20.0
19.5
19.5
18.5
4.0
10.0
4.2
Date
17/03
5/01
8/03
1/02
5/05
28/10
30/10
20/02, 4/10
22/10
31/10
23/10
30/10
Katha
3.5
4.2
8.3
10.8
13.0
15.3
16.5
15.5
15.0
12.0
7.5
2.8
Date
4/10
3/08
1/08
1/10
16/06
8/10
7/10
22/10
17/10
30/10
30/06
29/09
Pinlebu
-1.0
0.5
4.0
9.5
11.8
15.0
15.0
16.0
14.0
11.5
2.6
1.0
Date
13/01
4/04
8/03
2/04
2/03
8/03
11/04
6/04, 17/04
18/04
25/04
1/03
2/04
Mawlaik
7.2
7.5
9.5
12.5
19.2
23.0
23.0
23.0
22.0
18.5
14.2
10.4
Date
27/02
6/10
8/03
26/06
2/02
12/04, 3/08
7/08
22/02
20/02
27/07
29/06
30/04
Kalewa
9.4
9.5
10.0
15.6
15.5
21.8
22.4
20.8
21.5
18.6
13.4
10.7
Date
28/02
5/04
8/03
29,30 /04
1/04
3/08
17/10
27/03
11/04
25/07
28/06
30/09
Kalemyo
6.0
6.7
8.6
14.7
18.8
22.0
23.0
22.6
20.5
17.7
11.5
9.1
Date
27/02
6/10
8/03
3/03
2/03
4/03
6/03
10/01
11/04
26/07
28/06
26/02
Yeoo
6.5
6.8
10.5
8.0
16.5
17.5
18.7
18.2
18.0
14.1
10.0
8.5
Date
30/08
16/08
1,3/08
1/03
14/07
21/08
25/07
31/07
18/05
30/07
30/06
9/07
Shwebo
3.0
7.0
10.0
11.6
14.0
15.0
16.0
15.0
15.0
13.0
8.0
3.0
24
Date
3/10
2,4/09
3,4/09
3/09
19/07
1/09
7/08
18/09
8/09
27/08
29/09
28/09
Monywa
10.0
11.0
14.2
18.0
20.0
20.2
23.1
21.0
20.4
17.6
12.0
8.3
Date
3/10
6/10
9/03
2/04
3/05
13/06
16/09
18/09
23/09
26/08
30/09
28/09
Mandalay
9.8
11.6
14.5
18.0
20.4
23.0
23.0
23.0
22.5
19.0
12.5
11.0
Date
11/01
5/04
9/03
2/04
20/04
11/03, 9/09
21/07
1/01
11/04
9/02
29/01
28/09
Table 4: List of some devastating cyclones that made landfall over the Myanmar coast Cyclones
Maximum wind Surge height speed in mph in meter
Deaths
17 May 1884 Sittwe Cyclone
100
26 April 1936Kyaukpyu Cyclone
1000
10 May 1968 Sittwe Cyclone
4.25 m
1037
7 May 1975 Pathein Cyclone
3.00 m
304
4 May 1982 Gwa Cyclone
3.7 m
31
2 May 1994 Maungdaw Cyclone
3.66 m
10
19 May 2004 Sittwe Cyclone
100
-
29 April 2006 Mala Cyclone
120
4.57 m
1
2 May 2008 Severe Cyclonic storm 120 Nargis 10th to 23rd November 2010 Severe 120 Cyclonic Storm Giri
5.61 m
138373 27
25
5 Myanmar Climate Normals (1981-2010)
Monthly normals of rainfall and temperature were calculated for 78 weather stations of Myanmar Meteorological Department. But a few of the observatories, namely Gwa (Est.1982), Moekok (Est.1982), Yezin (Est.1983), Myinmu (Est.1983), Kyaukme (Est.1983), Hakha (Est.1989) and Ngathainggyaung (Est.1989), were established after 1981. So these stations have data ranges less than 30 years. The normals are based on the observed data which are archived at the climate division of DMH. 5.1 5.1.1
Temperature Maximum Temperature Monthly normals of maximum temperature were calculated for 78 observatories of DMH and are listed in Table 5. Table 5: Monthly normal maximum temperature (°C) for different observatories of DMH Station
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Period
PUTAO
20.8
22.5
24.5
26.1
29.4
29.5
28.8
30.1
29.5
28.5
25.6
21.8
19812010
MYITKYINA
25.3
27.5
30.4
32.6
33.3
31.6
30.5
32.0
31.7
30.9
28.4
25.8
BHAMO
25.6
28.1
31.7
34.0
33.9
32.3
31.4
31.7
31.9
30.9
28.1
25.5
KALAYWA
25.6
29.2
33.9
36.5
35.7
32.9
32.5
31.9
31.5
30.9
27.9
25.0
KATHA
27.1
29.5
32.6
34.5
33.8
32.6
31.5
31.6
31.6
31.3
29.6
27.4
MONYWA
29.1
32.5
36.5
39.1
37.9
34.9
36.0
34.8
33.8
32.9
30.7
28.6
26
19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010
HKAMTI
24.8
27.1
30.2
32.2
32.7
30.8
29.7
30.9
31.3
30.9
28.4
25.3
HOMALIN
25.6
28.2
31.3
33.4
33.6
31.6
30.5
31.0
31.3
31.4
29.0
26.0
MAWLAIK
25.5
29.1
33.2
35.7
35.2
33.3
32.6
32.2
32.0
31.3
28.2
25.4
KALAYMYO
26.9
30.0
34.0
36.5
35.8
33.5
32.8
32.3
32.2
31.9
29.2
26.7
MINKIN
26.5
30.1
34.7
37.6
36.2
34.0
33.8
32.6
32.0
31.6
28.9
26.0
TAMU
26.0
28.8
32.9
34.7
34.3
32.5
31.5
32.0
31.8
31.3
29.3
26.3
KYEEMON
28.8
31.4
35.5
38.7
37.7
35.6
35.6
34.5
33.4
32.6
30.4
28.3
PINLEBU
24.9
28.5
32.9
35.5
34.6
32.7
32.1
31.6
31.6
30.8
27.6
24.9
YEOO
28.8
31.8
35.5
37.9
36.6
34.5
34.3
33.5
32.9
32.4
30.5
28.6
SHWEBO
28.9
31.7
35.4
38.1
36.6
34.4
34.2
33.5
33.1
32.4
30.5
28.6
SAGAING
28.8
31.9
36.0
38.2
35.7
33.7
33.0
32.5
32.5
32.3
30.4
28.3
MYINMU
30.1
33.2
37.3
40.0
38.2
36.2
35.7
34.9
34.3
33.4
31.4
29.5
TAUNGGYI
23.2
25.0
27.9
29.3
26.9
25.0
24.0
24.0
24.6
24.7
23.7
22.6
LASHIO
25.7
28.1
31.2
32.8
31.6
30.7
29.3
29.6
29.9
29.3
27.1
25.2
KYAUKME
24.7
27.7
31.0
32.9
31.0
29.8
29.0
29.1
29.3
28.5
25.9
23.8
KENGTUNG
27.2
29.5
32.0
33.7
31.9
30.7
29.5
29.6
29.6
28.8
27.3
25.6
HSIPAW
27.2
29.9
33.4
35.1
33.4
32.2
31.4
31.5
31.8
31.0
28.7
26.6
PINLAUNG
22.7
24.1
26.5
28.2
25.9
24.5
22.3
22.8
24.3
24.8
23.7
22.6
LOILEM
23.8
26.0
29.0
30.2
27.7
26.6
26.0
25.5
25.5
25.0
23.5
22.3
MONGHSAT
28.0
30.2
33.1
34.8
32.7
30.7
29.5
29.7
30.7
30.7
28.8
27.1
HEHO
24.8
26.8
29.7
31.4
29.2
27.4
26.6
26.7
27.2
27.2
25.5
24.2
HAKHA
18.7
20.3
22.9
25.1
24.0
23.0
22.3
21.9
21.9
21.5
19.6
18.1
FALAM
20.4
21.9
24.7
26.7
25.6
24.1
23.6
23.4
23.6
23.9
21.8
20.3
MINDAT
20.9
24.3
28.1
30.4
28.2
25.7
25.7
24.6
24.3
24.0
21.7
20.0
VARR
28.0
30.7
34.4
36.6
35.8
34.0
33.4
33.3
33.1
32.3
30.2
27.9
MANDALAY
29.6
32.7
36.6
38.9
36.9
35.2
35.1
34.3
34.0
33.4
31.1
29.1
27
19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19832010 19812010 19812010 19832010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19892010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010
MOEKOK
22.8
24.8
27.9
29.6
27.5
25.4
24.4
25.0
26.1
26.2
24.9
22.8
MEIKHTILA
29.9
33.0
36.5
38.4
36.0
33.0
32.7
32.3
32.7
32.5
29.6
28.8
MYINGYAN
29.2
32.9
37.3
40.0
38.3
36.3
36.0
34.9
34.1
33.3
31.1
28.7
LUNKYAW
29.5
32.6
36.2
38.2
36.3
34.6
34.4
33.7
33.6
33.2
30.7
29.0
NYAUNG OO
29.5
32.7
36.7
39.3
37.6
34.9
34.9
34.1
33.3
32.7
31.0
29.1
YAMETHIN
30.2
33.2
36.3
38.0
35.5
32.4
31.7
31.6
32.3
32.6
30.7
29.2
PYINMANA
31.5
34.4
37.2
38.7
36.0
32.4
31.4
31.3
32.5
33.2
31.8
30.5
HLAINGTAT
30.9
33.9
37.2
38.9
36.3
33.8
33.4
33.0
33.3
33.2
30.9
29.6
YEZIN
30.8
33.2
35.9
37.6
35.5
32.3
31.1
31.1
32.1
32.7
31.4
29.9
MAGWAY
30.7
34.5
38.6
40.9
38.3
34.2
33.4
33.1
33.7
33.7
31.5
29.8
MINBU
30.2
34.3
38.3
40.5
37.9
34.0
33.2
32.8
33.0
33.1
31.5
29.2
PAKOKKU
29.1
32.3
36.4
39.0
37.5
35.3
34.9
33.9
33.5
32.7
30.6
28.7
GANGAW
27.0
31.0
35.7
38.9
37.1
34.3
33.6
32.3
32.1
31.4
28.7
26.4
SINPHYUGYAUNG
29.4
33.0
37.3
40.2
38.5
34.9
34.5
33.8
33.7
33.2
31.0
29.0
CHAUK
30.0
33.6
36.7
39.4
37.5
34.7
34.5
33.8
33.4
33.2
31.6
29.5
SITTWE
28.3
29.9
31.7
33.0
32.5
29.7
28.9
29.3
30.3
31.3
30.6
28.9
THANDWE
31.0
32.4
33.6
34.9
33.7
30.3
29.7
29.6
31.3
33.2
32.6
31.4
MYAUK U
30.4
32.7
35.2
36.0
34.7
31.0
30.0
30.4
31.9
33.1
32.1
30.3
MANAUNG
28.9
29.5
31.5
33.6
33.1
30.1
29.5
29.4
30.5
31.6
30.8
29.5
KYAUKPHYU
26.7
28.1
30.3
32.6
32.5
30.1
29.3
29.4
30.5
31.3
30.0
27.8
GWA
28.8
29.6
31.1
32.9
32.7
30.5
29.8
29.5
30.6
31.7
31.2
29.6
TAUNGOO
30.9
33.9
36.6
37.9
35.1
31.1
30.2
30.1
31.6
32.7
31.5
30.2
PYAY
32.2
35.1
37.6
38.7
36.0
31.9
31.0
31.0
32.3
33.5
32.7
31.5
BAGO
31.6
34.0
36.2
38.1
34.3
30.1
29.7
29.6
30.8
30.7
32.2
31.0
SHWEGYIN
32.6
34.6
37.1
38.2
34.7
30.7
29.8
29.7
31.4
33.2
33.3
32.1
THARRAWADDY
32.1
34.9
37.6
39.3
35.8
31.2
30.5
30.4
31.4
32.5
32.3
31.3
28
19822010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19832010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19822010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010
5.1.2
MINGALADON
32.6
34.9
36.6
37.5
34.1
30.6
30.2
29.9
30.7
32.1
32.5
31.8
KABA-AYE
33.2
35.2
36.7
37.5
34.2
30.8
30.3
30.0
30.9
32.2
33.1
32.5
HMAWBI
32.5
35.0
37.0
38.1
34.5
30.7
30.2
30.0
30.8
32.3
32.7
31.8
COCOISLAND
29.6
30.0
31.0
32.6
32.3
30.7
30.3
30.0
30.2
30.8
31.0
30.0
MAUBIN
30.8
33.4
35.4
36.7
34.0
30.7
30.2
29.8
30.7
31.8
31.4
30.2
PATHEIN
31.9
33.8
35.5
36.6
34.2
30.9
30.3
30.0
31.0
32.1
32.2
31.3
MYAUNGMYA
31.2
33.6
35.6
36.7
34.1
31.0
30.5
30.1
30.8
31.7
31.5
30.6
NGATHAINGGYAUNG
31.6
34.0
36.7
36.7
35.0
31.2
30.5
30.2
31.3
32.6
32.3
30.9
HINTHADA
31.2
34.2
37.1
38.7
35.6
31.3
30.6
30.4
31.5
32.5
31.6
30.3
LOIKAW
27.4
29.8
32.4
33.5
30.9
28.6
27.9
27.8
28.5
28.5
27.2
26.0
HPA-AN
33.8
35.7
37.1
37.7
33.7
29.8
29.1
28.8
30.9
33.6
33.9
33.0
KAWKAREIK
33.3
35.0
36.7
37.6
34.4
30.4
29.4
29.2
31.1
33.3
33.6
32.6
MAWLAMYINE
32.9
34.4
35.6
35.8
32.5
29.5
28.8
28.6
30.1
32.4
32.8
32.1
YAY
32.9
33.8
34.8
35.1
32.6
30.0
29.3
28.8
30.4
32.1
32.9
32.4
BILIN
32.1
34.1
35.5
36.1
32.8
29.3
28.6
28.6
30.2
32.6
32.6
31.4
THEINZAYAT
32.0
34.0
36.5
37.4
34.1
30.5
29.7
29.7
31.2
33.0
32.7
31.5
THATON
32.7
34.3
35.5
36.0
32.7
29.6
28.9
28.7
30.2
32.3
32.7
31.9
DAWEI
33.3
34.1
34.7
35.0
32.0
29.4
28.7
28.4
29.7
31.7
32.8
32.6
MYEIK
32.1
32.7
33.4
33.9
32.0
30.1
29.6
29.1
29.8
31.0
32.1
31.7
KAWTHUNG
31.7
32.9
33.6
33.7
31.6
30.3
29.9
29.6
29.5
29.9
30.5
30.6
Minimum Temperature Monthly normals of minimum temperature were calculated for 78 observatories of DMH and are listed in Table 6.
29
19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19892010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010
Table 6: Monthly normal minimum temperature (°C) for different observatories of DMH Station
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
PUTAO
7.4
10.0
13.0
16.1
19.9
22.6
23.1
23.1
22.2
19.2
12.8
8.7
MYITKYINA
10.4
12.9
16.3
19.7
22.3
24.3
24.5
24.6
23.9
21.5
16.2
11.9
BHAMO
10.1
12.5
16.0
20.2
23.1
24.7
24.8
24.5
23.8
21.7
16.5
11.9
KALAYWA
13.3
14.4
17.9
22.1
24.2
25.0
25.0
24.8
24.1
22.9
19.1
14.9
KATHA
10.6
13.1
16.4
20.2
22.9
24.3
24.4
24.2
23.4
21.5
16.4
11.9
MONYWA
13.5
15.5
19.0
23.3
25.4
25.8
25.9
25.5
24.7
23.4
19.3
15.0
HKAMTI
10.3
12.9
16.4
20.0
22.6
24.1
24.2
24.4
23.8
21.6
16.5
11.7
HOMALIN
10.3
12.4
15.6
19.4
22.2
24.0
24.0
23.8
23.0
21.1
16.2
11.7
MAWLAIK
12.3
13.3
16.3
20.7
23.8
25.6
25.9
25.5
24.8
23.2
19.0
14.3
KALAYMYO
11.8
13.0
16.2
20.1
23.2
24.9
25.1
24.8
24.1
22.5
18.2
13.8
MINKIN
11.6
12.7
15.8
20.4
23.0
24.2
24.3
24.0
23.3
21.8
17.7
12.9
TAMU
7.6
9.9
14.1
18.1
20.4
22.1
22.1
21.8
21.3
18.7
14.3
9.1
KYEEMON
11.1
12.9
16.8
21.2
23.6
24.0
24.2
23.6
22.8
21.4
17.0
12.7
PINLEBU
9.2
11.2
14.1
18.1
20.9
22.4
22.4
22.5
21.3
19.4
14.7
9.9
YE OO
12.7
14.9
18.3
22.1
23.8
24.3
24.4
24.3
23.7
22.3
18.2
14.0
SHWEBO
12.8
15.0
19.3
23.6
25.0
25.0
25.0
24.8
24.4
23.1
18.7
14.4
SAGAING
14.3
16.4
20.6
24.8
25.7
26.2
26.2
26.0
25.6
24.7
20.4
15.9
MYINMU
13.0
15.3
19.6
24.5
26.4
26.6
26.5
26.1
25.6
24.4
19.7
15.1
KYAUKME
6.5
8.2
11.8
16.2
19.6
21.5
21.7
21.5
20.6
18.3
13.0
8.3
KENGTUNG
10.0
11.0
14.2
17.9
20.4
21.7
21.5
21.3
20.3
18.5
14.6
11.0
HSIPAW
9.3
9.5
12.8
18.1
21.5
23.5
23.6
23.4
22.5
20.5
16.2
12.0
TAUNGGYI
8.1
10.0
13.3
16.3
17.4
17.8
17.7
17.6
17.2
15.8
12.7
9.2
LASHIO
5.2
6.1
9.6
15.1
19.2
21.8
21.9
21.8
20.9
18.7
13.3
8.1
30
Period 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19832010 19832010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010
PINLAUNG
4.1
6.1
9.5
13.9
16.7
17.4
17.2
17.3
16.8
14.9
11.1
6.0
LOILEM
4.2
6.8
10.7
14.0
15.1
16.1
16.2
15.8
14.7
13.0
9.2
5.2
MONGHSAT
10.4
9.8
12.5
17.4
21.2
22.6
22.5
22.3
21.8
20.2
16.2
12.3
HEHO
3.9
5.8
10.0
14.9
18.0
19.2
19.1
19.0
18.2
16.3
11.7
6.2
HAKHA
2.2
4.7
8.2
11.1
13.7
15.7
16.1
15.8
15.0
12.6
7.1
2.3
FALAM
8.0
9.9
13.0
15.4
16.5
17.5
17.5
17.5
17.0
15.6
12.0
8.6
MINDAT
9.7
12.1
15.7
17.7
17.9
18.0
18.0
17.6
16.9
15.6
12.6
9.6
VARR
8.4
11.7
16.5
20.8
22.7
23.9
24.0
23.8
22.8
21.0
15.7
10.4
MANDALAY
13.7
16.0
20.4
24.7
25.9
26.1
26.2
25.8
25.4
24.0
19.9
15.4
MOEKOK
5.0
7.2
10.8
15.1
17.9
19.8
19.8
19.7
18.9
16.6
11.4
6.8
MEIKHTILA
14.6
16.7
21.1
25.0
25.2
24.6
24.4
24.3
24.2
23.4
20.0
16.0
MYINGYAN
12.3
14.8
19.5
25.5
26.8
26.8
26.8
26.3
25.7
24.3
19.7
14.2
LUNKYAW
12.5
15.1
19.1
23.7
24.9
25.1
25.5
24.7
24.3
22.9
18.9
14.5
NYAUNG OO
13.5
15.5
20.1
24.7
26.4
26.3
26.4
26.0
25.3
24.0
20.0
15.3
YAMETHIN
13.2
15.3
19.9
24.1
24.5
24.0
23.6
23.5
23.4
22.9
19.2
14.7
PYINMANA
14.6
16.4
20.4
24.3
24.9
24.3
24.0
23.9
23.9
23.3
20.2
16.0
HLAINGTAT
12.3
15.3
20.3
25.2
25.8
25.6
25.1
24.8
24.5
23.4
19.1
14.1
YEZIN
14.1
16.3
20.1
23.7
24.5
24.1
23.8
24.0
23.7
23.3
20.0
15.6
MAGWAY
11.4
13.7
18.0
22.4
24.0
23.2
23.1
23.0
22.7
21.9
18.3
13.8
MINBU
13.1
15.6
20.2
24.7
26.0
25.4
25.2
25.1
24.6
23.5
19.9
15.4
PAKOKKU
13.2
14.7
18.6
22.1
24.2
23.6
23.8
23.5
23.0
21.6
18.1
15.1
GANGAW
11.4
12.9
16.4
21.8
24.0
25.0
25.0
24.8
24.2
22.9
19.0
13.9
CHAUK
13.7
15.7
19.9
24.7
25.9
25.1
25.1
25.0
24.5
23.6
20.3
15.7
SINPHYUGYAUNG
11.5
13.2
17.2
21.8
23.2
23.0
23.4
23.5
23.1
22.4
18.8
14.0
SITTWE
14.9
16.6
20.2
24.0
25.1
24.8
24.5
24.5
24.4
24.0
21.1
17.1
THANDWE
12.1
13.4
17.9
22.5
24.3
23.7
23.4
23.4
23.3
22.9
19.9
15.2
31
19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19892010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19822010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19832010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010
MYAUKOO
12.1
13.9
18.3
22.8
24.0
24.2
23.9
23.8
24.2
23.2
19.8
14.9
KYAUKPYU
17.1
18.6
21.5
24.8
25.8
25.0
24.8
24.6
24.9
25.0
23.4
19.4
MANAUNG
12.1
13.1
16.8
19.1
21.1
21.1
20.6
20.8
20.5
19.7
17.8
14.1
GWA
13.3
14.3
17.7
22.3
23.9
23.3
23.2
23.0
23.0
22.5
19.9
16.0
TAUNGOO
15.0
16.5
20.4
24.3
24.6
23.9
23.7
23.8
23.8
23.3
20.4
16.5
PYAY
16.2
17.8
21.2
24.7
25.6
24.8
24.8
24.7
24.6
24.2
21.7
18.1
BAGO
15.8
17.2
20.2
23.1
23.4
22.7
22.7
22.6
22.8
23.0
20.9
16.9
SHWEGYIN
15.7
17.5
20.8
24.4
24.9
24.1
23.8
23.8
23.8
23.4
20.8
16.8
THARRAWADDY
13.3
14.8
17.9
21.8
23.1
23.0
22.7
22.8
22.7
22.3
19.4
15.5
MINGALADON
17.5
18.8
21.2
23.7
24.6
24.2
24.1
23.9
23.9
23.9
22.1
18.7
KABA-AYE
16.7
18.4
21.0
23.8
24.3
23.6
23.2
23.2
23.2
23.1
21.3
17.8
HMAWBI
15.6
17.2
20.3
23.5
24.5
24.2
24.1
24.0
23.9
23.4
21.0
17.2
COCOISLAND
22.0
21.2
22.0
24.3
25.8
25.4
25.0
25.0
24.6
24.4
24.4
23.2
MAUBIN
15.5
16.7
19.1
22.1
23.7
23.8
23.7
23.6
23.5
23.4
21.3
17.5
PATHEIN
17.5
19.2
21.7
24.4
25.2
24.5
24.2
24.1
24.1
24.1
22.2
18.8
MYAUNGMYA
15.0
17.2
19.5
22.0
22.5
22.3
21.9
21.5
21.6
21.5
19.6
16.1
NGATHAINGGYAUNG
14.4
15.8
19.8
23.7
24.8
24.5
24.3
24.3
24.5
24.2
21.4
17.0
HINTHADA
14.4
15.2
18.8
22.5
24.2
23.9
23.8
23.9
23.8
23.4
20.9
16.9
LOIKAW
8.9
11.0
14.8
19.1
20.8
20.9
20.7
20.6
20.4
19.1
15.1
10.5
HPA-AN
17.9
19.3
22.0
24.6
24.5
23.8
23.5
23.5
23.8
23.9
22.0
18.6
KAWKAREIK
17.6
18.2
20.1
22.5
22.9
22.6
22.3
22.2
22.7
22.7
21.4
19.2
MAWLAMYINE
18.4
19.9
22.2
24.7
24.3
23.8
23.6
23.5
23.6
23.6
22.0
19.1
YAY
16.6
17.2
19.0
21.5
22.1
21.9
21.8
21.8
21.6
21.4
19.8
17.5
BILIN
16.5
17.5
20.6
23.4
23.4
23.0
22.7
22.7
22.9
22.9
20.9
17.8
THEINZAYAT
16.8
18.4
22.0
24.7
24.7
24.1
23.7
23.7
23.8
23.8
21.5
17.7
THATON
17.3
19.3
22.4
24.5
24.3
23.5
23.2
23.2
23.4
23.5
21.5
18.2
32
19812010 19812010 19812010 19822010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19892010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010
5.2
DAWEI
18.4
19.6
21.2
23.3
23.7
23.2
22.7
22.8
22.7
22.5
20.8
18.2
MYEIK
21.7
22.6
23.7
24.8
24.6
24.1
23.7
23.6
23.6
23.6
22.9
21.4
KAWTHUNG
22.4
23.0
23.8
24.6
24.1
23.6
23.2
23.1
22.7
22.6
22.7
22.2
19812010 19812010 19812010
Rainfall Monthly normal rainfall was calculated for different months considering all 78 stations of DMH for the period 1981-2010. The stations which were established after the year 1981, had data ranges less than 30 years. In the winter season there is much less amount of rainfall over Myanmar, but the Northern and Southern parts of the country receive a considerably higher amount of rainfall than other parts of the country. During July and August, the Southern and coastal areas receive heavy to very heavy rainfall because of strong monsoon flow. The Central Myanmar areas receive double maxima rainfall due to onset and withdrawal phase of monsoon. Table 7: Monthly normal rainfall Station
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Period
PUTAO
19.0
47.3
104.7
154.4
213.5
719.0
1082.5
943.7
681.4
179.3
24.4
14.0
MYITKYINA
9.9
21.0
24.0
54.0
218.5
549.2
543.0
398.3
294.7
170.6
25.1
11.7
BHAMO
5.4
14.6
15.0
52.6
177.1
344.6
406.0
411.8
217.1
129.0
38.7
7.3
KALEWA
2.9
4.0
17.3
37.6
182.0
272.1
245.6
303.3
346.3
187.5
38.7
4.0
KATHA
6.3
16.0
15.0
51.7
212.4
267.5
260.1
245.8
256.3
148.6
39.5
8.5
MONYWA
1.0
1.2
7.8
25.8
87.4
88.3
50.6
104.1
161.6
113.9
37.3
3.7
HKAMTI
7.6
16.3
20.4
45.8
275.1
865.1
1217.3
849.8
490.5
209.2
30.8
7.4
HOMALIN
6.8
15.1
24.2
45.9
187.1
436.0
521.8
421.2
349.4
181.1
32.3
11.9
MAWLAIK
4.1
7.0
20.3
40.0
156.6
287.2
285.1
320.6
362.6
213.3
41.3
7.0
KALEMYO
4.1
5.0
18.3
38.1
133.6
273.2
322.8
376.7
326.1
166.3
38.5
4.9
MINKIN
2.8
4.0
9.9
31.2
146.2
181.5
178.3
246.6
257.2
174.0
36.6
7.2
TAMU
5.0
14.5
34.3
65.7
189.9
403.1
461.2
411.8
368.0
202.8
38.6
10.2
19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010
33
19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19832010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19832010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19892010 19812010
KYEEMON
0.1
1.8
4.2
24.3
71.5
90.1
55.7
101.5
141.7
109.6
29.3
3.4
PINLEBU
2.0
9.7
15.5
45.9
181.7
275.0
241.9
235.2
275.8
186.8
23.9
6.4
YE OO
2.7
2.8
6.2
25.2
118.9
147.2
92.9
153.6
203.4
153.6
28.4
3.1
SHWEBO
1.2
3.2
7.7
22.5
101.3
130.4
93.1
149.4
158.9
128.6
28.5
3.9
SAGAING
1.0
4.6
5.0
39.4
142.6
99.0
69.8
126.1
153.0
124.3
32.0
6.0
MYINMU
0.9
4.3
4.4
22.9
111.8
90.1
67.7
116.2
160.6
116.9
25.7
3.0
KENGTUNG
3.2
4.7
7.1
41.9
168.4
163.6
158.1
253.2
293.4
184.0
60.6
8.1
HSIPAW
7.3
21.5
30.1
65.8
159.9
183.3
329.3
336.3
194.3
78.6
48.6
12.6
TAUNGGYI
1.0
5.3
9.6
47.3
154.7
116.2
113.1
174.8
185.4
133.9
61.6
7.1
LASHIO
2.7
5.9
9.6
57.1
171.9
178.3
213.0
290.9
280.7
175.6
75.5
10.0
KYAUKME
6.5
9.3
12.9
62.3
252.4
418.4
429.9
391.2
262.1
176.1
79.4
13.7
PINLAUNG
2.7
5.9
9.6
57.1
171.9
178.3
213.0
290.9
280.7
175.6
75.5
10.0
LOILEM
6.5
9.3
12.9
62.3
252.4
418.4
429.9
391.2
262.1
176.1
79.4
13.7
MONG-HSAT
3.2
4.7
7.1
41.9
168.4
163.6
158.1
253.2
293.4
184.0
60.6
8.1
HEHO
7.3
21.5
30.1
65.8
159.9
183.3
329.3
336.3
194.3
78.6
48.6
12.6
HAKHA
10.0
13.1
33.7
70.2
190.8
243.4
320.8
342.3
328.8
209.1
47.1
15.2
FALAM
8.4
11.5
33.0
78.9
161.0
229.7
255.2
261.8
224.3
139.1
53.1
11.2
MINDAT
3.0
6.3
13.0
33.9
169.7
188.8
180.6
287.4
318.8
202.6
57.3
9.6
19812010
VARR
5.7
7.6
27.8
58.3
108.5
116.6
145.8
130.6
129.5
89.2
32.8
7.1
19812010
MANDALAY
0.9
3.8
5.8
40.4
130.0
99.5
74.7
132.9
157.1
130.7
36.4
4.9
MOEKOK
6.8
11.8
22.0
77.4
362.7
493.3
511.3
479.6
337.3
286.1
85.8
17.0
MEIKHTILA
2.3
1.8
10.0
25.5
126.4
103.8
75.4
121.0
150.6
147.4
41.5
7.2
MYINGYAN
1.2
2.5
2.9
17.6
91.4
85.1
57.2
105.8
151.7
101.6
25.8
3.6
LUNKYAW
0.3
3.2
9.4
30.1
118.5
68.8
67.4
85.7
133.1
111.8
48.0
6.3
34
19812010 19822010 19812010 19812010 19812010
19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19832010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19822010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010
NYAUNGOO
1.1
2.2
5.1
22.7
94.7
83.8
34.7
85.9
134.0
114.5
36.5
3.7
YAMETHIN
1.7
2.6
8.8
25.1
136.0
104.8
96.8
117.1
152.4
140.2
48.8
9.3
PYINMANA
2.2
5.0
3.9
36.3
156.5
209.1
227.7
263.0
177.0
167.0
50.4
4.8
HLAINGTAT
1.9
2.6
6.2
33.1
142.5
85.2
82.2
124.3
161.9
144.6
62.9
9.6
YEZIN
2.1
5.8
4.2
29.6
147.6
184.7
213.2
256.5
174.9
123.7
39.6
6.9
MAGWAY
1.4
2.4
5.0
18.9
105.4
141.0
100.2
132.0
163.8
132.3
51.1
6.2
MINBU
1.0
1.6
4.7
16.0
95.6
121.0
90.0
126.0
145.4
118.4
42.9
4.5
PAKOKKU
0.9
0.3
3.9
11.1
88.2
89.7
38.2
90.6
117.8
132.0
29.6
4.0
GANGAW
2.0
4.7
10.7
31.1
136.5
183.6
153.2
230.2
215.1
173.4
42.5
6.9
CHAUK
0.4
2.0
2.9
17.8
84.1
138.0
55.6
127.8
167.5
158.2
53.9
5.2
SINPHYUGYUNG
0.2
1.6
4.2
13.2
84.2
106.3
53.7
88.8
126.9
111.5
35.9
3.6
SITTWE
0.9
13.3
8.4
35.6
307.5
1168.1
1280.5
965.2
549.0
288.7
116.3
15.1
THANDWE
2.6
6.7
4.3
16.6
341.7
1277.6
1390.2
1374.7
675.5
204.6
74.0
11.2
MYAUKOO
4.6
8.1
14.2
52.3
286.1
867.4
1002.5
788.2
355.3
187.1
57.9
10.7
KYAUKPYU
1.1
6.4
20.8
24.5
347.0
1073.1
1248.4
1054.5
540.2
261.6
109.3
16.9
MANAUNG
1.4
4.1
2.9
20.7
313.4
1070.1
1300.0
1086.9
635.7
275.3
106.7
11.4
GWA
1.6
0.7
3.1
19.0
335.2
1016.5
1189.0
1162.5
587.8
197.3
49.4
6.8
TAUNGOO
2.6
4.0
7.3
32.6
204.3
355.9
417.7
451.7
282.5
149.9
48.0
2.6
PYAY
1.5
0.9
5.1
27.3
145.1
234.8
198.0
227.5
205.7
124.0
56.0
1.5
BAGO
1.3
2.7
13.5
44.1
333.9
654.0
716.9
653.4
436.3
183.7
48.7
1.3
SHWEGYIN
1.6
3.7
6.8
46.2
247.8
656.2
797.9
837.9
424.0
197.6
39.2
1.6
THARRAWADDY
0.9
3.0
3.5
24.2
212.8
485.5
516.1
448.2
318.2
154.0
60.6
0.9
MINGALADON
0.5
3.1
8.9
34.3
288.6
537.3
565.8
530.8
383.2
195.8
68.4
4.3
19812010
KABA-AYE
0.4
3.1
12.4
37.8
328.1
565.6
605.8
570.7
393.7
200.3
58.6
6.8
19812010
35
HMAWBI
2.2
3.5
7.2
28.2
281.3
526.4
540.7
534.8
349.4
164.3
57.8
5.4
COCO ISLAND
2.2
5.2
13.2
37.0
240.0
456.3
418.3
438.8
380.2
184.3
138.3
23.0
MAUBIN
1.3
3.6
8.9
38.2
280.3
494.5
535.9
514.2
338.2
186.3
68.5
7.8
PATHEIN
1.8
9.4
7.4
26.9
275.5
605.7
646.9
636.2
385.0
205.6
80.3
7.0
MYAUNG-MYA
0.3
2.6
5.7
26.7
277.0
577.1
617.7
650.9
396.8
197.6
88.1
8.9
NGATHAIGYAUNG
1.3
2.3
4.8
25.6
232.5
517.2
607.2
572.8
328.7
161.8
22.0
4.5
HINTHADA
7.1
30.4
23.4
25.8
207.5
522.5
519.8
481.8
316.6
155.4
62.9
7.2
LOIKAW
5.1
3.1
10.0
37.7
139.6
135.7
146.5
210.5
194.2
109.4
46.2
7.9
HPA-AN
1.2
3.6
12.6
45.7
376.9
872.4
1047.2
1097.2
577.0
193.1
40.7
16.3
KAWKAREIK
3.5
9.6
22.6
73.8
407.5
833.2
1049.4
1105.7
616.6
234.2
33.7
7.1
MAWLAMYINE
2.2
6.0
17.4
117.2
517.7
988.9
1183.5
1227.0
632.6
214.9
46.1
16.3
YAY
3.2
16.8
24.0
84.9
528.9
1111.3
1171.6
1320.5
687.9
285.3
57.0
23.7
BILIN
1.1
9.1
16.4
63.8
478.3
1081.1
1270.2
1200.7
684.8
230.5
44.0
7.1
THEINZAYAT
3.1
6.6
8.4
43.2
351.2
716.2
878.4
871.6
485.7
204.8
31.5
6.3
THATON
1.4
4.1
18.4
80.5
555.8
1036.4
1213.8
1245.0
739.1
258.3
55.9
13.4
DAWEI
5.8
16.6
39.5
115.3
536.3
1099.4
1201.4
1310.4
707.3
355.8
44.5
7.6
MYEIK
26.3
41.7
55.4
106.0
444.3
748.4
713.7
894.9
514.6
313.3
65.5
19.1
KAWTHUNG
6.7
8.0
52.6
106.6
542.8
686.1
651.8
754.6
685.2
480.4
158.3
40.3
36
19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19892010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010 19812010
6 Frequency of common weather in Myanmar
6.1 6.1.1
Temperature Minimum Temperature The number of days of minimum temperature for several temperature ranges i.e. less than 6°C, 6-8°C, 8-10°C, 10-15°C, 15-20°C, 20-25°C and greater than 25°C were calculated and this operation was carried out for all the stations and all months for the period of 1981-2010. Table 8 to Table 16 show the results for different cities representing the states and regions of Myanmar, namely Myitkyina, Monywa, Pathein, Sittwe, Taunggyi, Hkamti, Magway, Mawlamyine and Hakha. The results for the rest of the weather stations of Myanmar are presented in the Appendix. During the study period 1981-2010, some of the stations have missing data. The number of days of minimum temperature that range less than 6°C, i.e. severe cold days, were highest in the Northwestern, Eastern, Northern, Western and Central area of the country. This range of temperature mostly occur in the month of January and a very few days in February. The number of days in the range less than 6°C were Hakha (558 days), Taunggyi (131days), Hkamti (25 days), Magway (9 days), and Myitkyina (1 day) in the month of January and Hakha (390 days), Taunggyi (26 days), Magway (5 days), and Hkamti (3 days) in the month of February. In the month of January moderate cold days (6-8°C) had maximum frequency in the Northern, Northwestern, Western, Eastern, and Central area of the country and highest number of days occurred over Taunggyi (362 days), Loikaw (209 days), Hkamti (202 days) and Hakha (89 days), Myitkyina (85 days) and Magway (61 days). Cold days had maximum frequency in the month of January, as it is the coldest month over Myanmar. The number of days in the minimum temperature range 8-10 °C was
37
highest over Myitkyina (376 days), Hkamti (300 days), Taunggyi (294 days) and Magway (204 days). The frequency of days in the minimum temperature range 20°-25°C was higher for the months April and May to October. Most of the stations among 15 stations, which had high frequency of number of days for the minimum temperature range 20°- 25°C, observed it in the months February to November. Also the number of days for minimum temperature range (15°-20°C) was the second high frequency number of days in the month of January to December over the country. Table 8: Number of minimum temperature days at Myitkyina, duration: 1981-2010 Minimum temp
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Less than 6°
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
2
6° - 8°
85
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
40
133
8° - 10°
376
75
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
170
623
10° - 15°
451
657
291
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
310
664
2381
15° - 20°
17
106
594
515
114
-
-
2
6
258
549
55
2216
20° - 25°
-
-
44
375
784
751
714
697
780
664
40
-
4849
Greater than 25°
-
-
-
2
32
149
216
231
99
8
-
-
737
Dec
Total
Table 9: Number of minimum temperature days at Monywa, duration: 1981-2010 Minimum temp
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Less than 6°
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
6° - 8°
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
8° - 10°
22
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
32
54
10° - 15°
746
397
67
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
39
481
1730
15° - 20°
157
439
522
88
2
-
-
-
1
43
503
396
2151
20° - 25°
1
11
338
616
400
260
228
320
526
755
358
21
3834
Greater than 25°
-
-
3
192
520
639
701
610
373
132
-
-
3170
Table 10: Number of minimum temperature days at Pathein, duration: 1981-2010 Minimum temp
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Less than 6°
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
6° - 8°
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
8° - 10°
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
10° - 15°
124
32
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
42
200
15° - 20°
731
569
188
5
6
12
18
27
48
35
136
631
2406
20° - 25°
74
245
740
643
414
624
732
732
698
756
724
255
6637
Greater than 25°
1
1
1
252
510
264
180
171
154
139
9
1
1683 38
Table 11: Number of minimum temperature days at Sittwe, duration: 1981-2010 Minimum temp
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Less than 6°
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
6° - 8°
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
8° - 10°
5
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
9
10° - 15°
496
228
27
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
197
954
15° - 20°
395
540
417
35
6
1
-
-
1
13
308
604
2320
20° - 25°
3
48
480
616
405
577
705
700
665
767
574
97
5637
Greater than 25°
-
-
5
219
488
322
225
230
234
150
12
-
1885
Table 12: Number of minimum temperature days at Taunggyi, duration: 1981-2010 Minimum temp
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Less than 6°
131
26
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
79
240
6° - 8°
362
157
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
43
266
834
8° - 10°
294
261
70
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
96
246
969
10° - 15°
139
364
643
227
50
1
9
-
35
259
570
296
2593
15° - 20°
4
11
211
672
865
896
916
929
864
668
157
12
6205
20° - 25°
-
-
-
1
15
3
5
1
1
1
-
-
27
Greater than 25°
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
Table 13: Number of minimum temperature days at Hkamti, duration: 1981-2010 Minimum temp
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Less than 6°
25
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
30
6° - 8°
202
27
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
82
313
8° - 10°
300
119
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
8
202
632
10° - 15°
308
507
302
20
-
-
-
-
-
2
290
451
1880
15° - 20°
64
160
534
458
78
-
-
-
3
184
449
91
2021
20° - 25°
-
3
61
375
754
762
788
725
767
661
92
9
4997
Greater than 25°
-
-
-
17
67
108
111
174
70
17
1
-
565
39
Table 14: Number of minimum temperature days at Magway, duration: 1981-2010 Minimum temp
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Less than 6°
9
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
14
6° - 8°
61
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
70
8° - 10°
204
72
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
100
377
10° - 15°
577
506
143
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
114
565
1911
15° - 20°
48
218
591
156
30
20
13
12
23
138
575
258
2082
20° - 25°
-
11
192
645
642
812
875
874
852
776
211
5
5895
Greater than 25°
-
-
3
93
258
68
42
44
25
16
-
-
549
Table 15: Number of minimum temperature days at Mawlamyine, duration: 1981-2010 Minimum temp
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Less than 6°
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
6° - 8°
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
8° - 10°
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
6
10° - 15°
77
25
12
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
5
49
170
15° - 20°
654
423
120
8
5
-
11
2
3
24
165
581
1996
20° - 25°
194
367
741
543
663
787
843
893
858
905
717
294
7805
Greater than 25°
3
13
57
349
261
97
72
35
39
-
13
-
939
Table 16: Number of minimum temperature days at Hakha, duration: 1989-2010 Minimum temp
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Less than 6°
558
390
158
10
-
-
-
-
-
7
250
568
1941
6° - 8°
89
117
178
68
1
1
-
-
-
26
131
68
679
8° - 10°
31
70
151
178
36
-
-
-
1
81
89
31
668
462
208
152
172
307
483
156
14
2559
10° - 15°
4
44
183
374
15° - 20°
-
-
12
30
183
450
529
478
322
54
4
-
2062
20° - 25°
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
2
Greater than 25°
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
40
6.1.2
Maximum Temperature The same operation as for minimum temperature was carried out for maximum temperature and the temperature ranges are: Greater than 40°C, 38°- 40°C, 36° - 38°C, 30° -36°C, 25°- 30°C, 20° -25°C and less than 20°C for the whole year and for all stations. During the study period 1981-2010, some of the stations have missing data. Table 17 to Table 25 show the results for regions and state cities, the rest of the weather stations are presented in the Appendix. It is seen that the number of moderate to severe hot days, i.e. maximum temperature range greater than 40°C, were higher in the months of April-May and for this reason April and May are the hottest months over Myanmar. That range of temperature occurred in the South-Eastern and Central part of the country. The number of severe hot days was highest at Magway (625 days in April, 340 days in May and 228 days in March),at Monywa (368 days in April, 275 days in May and 48 days in March) and at Mandalay (324 days in April, 171 days in May and 46 days in March). Most of the stations among 15 stations had high frequency number of days for maximum temperature range 30-36°C was observed in the months February to November respectively. Also the number of days for maximum temperature range 25-30 °C was the second high frequency number of days in the month of January to December over the country except Monywa, Taunggyi, Hkamti, Lashio and Kengtung stations in the month of January to December over the country. Table 17: Number of maximum temperature days at Myitkyina, duration: 1981-2010 Maximum temp (°C)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
40° and greater
-
-
-
-
2
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
38° - 40°
-
-
-
17
36
10
-
2
-
-
-
-
65
36° - 38°
-
-
9
120
140
17
4
25
15
6
-
-
336
30° - 36°
-
143
565
561
541
574
516
614
612
586
175
1
4888
25° - 30°
551
523
275
164
195
282
395
282
244
260
630
625
4426
20° - 25°
354
158
75
35
16
15
15
7
16
47
79
289
1106
Less than 20°
25
23
6
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
15
77
41
Table 18: Number of maximum temperature days at Monywa, duration: 1981-2010 Maximum temp (°C)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
40° and greater
-
-
48
368
275
46
21
-
-
-
-
-
758
38° - 40°
-
-
213
279
199
138
136
61
9
3
5
-
1043
36° - 38°
1
66
312
132
184
261
265
198
115
37
601
-
2172
30° - 36°
274
617
330
108
247
437
494
645
722
780
257
175
5086
25° - 30°
638
157
25
13
24
14
11
26
53
101
37
726
1825
20° - 25°
14
6
1
-
-
2
-
-
1
9
-
27
60
Less than 20°
2
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
4
Table 19: Number of maximum temperature days at Pathein, duration: 1981-2010 Maximum temp (°C)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
40° and greater
-
-
2
13
11
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
26
38° - 40°
-
2
50
127
53
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
232
36° - 38°
2
72
273
390
181
1
-
443
4
9
4
-
1379
30° - 36°
741
728
600
360
577
543
460
483
594
771
733
636
7226
25° - 30°
185
44
5
10
107
352
469
4
300
149
125
293
2043
20° - 25°
2
1
-
-
1
4
1
-
2
1
8
1
21
Less than 20°
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
Table 20: Number of maximum temperature days at Sittwe, duration: 1981-2010 Maximum temp (°C)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
40° and greater
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
38° - 40°
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
36° - 38°
-
-
5
8
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
21
30° - 36°
71
354
783
841
776
383
229
267
512
757
594
163
5730
25° - 30°
805
447
136
20
114
512
676
659
388
172
294
720
4943
20° - 25°
23
18
6
1
1
5
25
4
-
1
12
16
112
Less than 20°
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
42
Table 21: Number of maximum temperature days at Taunggyi, duration: 1981-2010 Maximum temp (°C)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
40° and greater
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
38° - 40°
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
36° - 38°
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
30° - 36°
-
4
137
364
81
3
-
-
-
1
-
-
590
25° - 30°
180
416
715
492
624
397
270
235
341
398
221
97
4386
20° - 25°
714
368
72
40
220
498
625
684
556
521
604
736
5638
Less than 20°
36
31
6
4
5
2
35
11
3
10
45
66
254
Table 22: Number of maximum temperature days at Hkamti, duration: 1981-2010 Maximum temp (°C)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
40° and greater
-
-
-
-
5
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
38° - 40°
-
-
-
8
53
13
1
4
1
-
-
-
80
36° - 38°
-
-
8
92
104
25
10
29
35
7
-
-
310
30° - 36°
6
83
499
549
494
419
319
453
501
584
202
9
4118
25° - 30°
386
532
292
147
181
378
529
377
266
232
574
436
4330
20° - 25°
454
152
61
44
29
2
8
5
18
43
60
370
1246
Less than 20°
27
23
8
-
2
1
-
-
-
2
4
22
89
Table 23: Number of maximum temperature days at Magway, duration: 1980-2010 Maximum temp (°C) 40° and greater
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
-
8
228
625
340
19
1
-
-
-
-
-
1221
38° - 40°
-
36
352
162
197
68
14
2
3
2
3
-
839
36° - 38°
-
153
243
71
140
117
75
59
95
109
13
-
1075
30° - 36°
543
575
98
38
201
610
787
787
732
716
659
388
6134
25° - 30°
353
37
7
4
49
86
53
82
69
100
193
516
1549
20° - 25°
3
10
2
-
3
-
-
-
1
3
32
24
78
Less than 20°
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
2
-
43
Table 24: Number of maximum temperature days at Mawlamyine, duration: 1981-2010 Maximum temp (°C) 40° and greater 38° - 40° 36° - 38° 30° - 36° 25° - 30° 20° - 25° Less than 20°
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
4 861 64 1 -
111 701 27 8 -
40 266 615 9 -
63 309 518 10 -
1 17 93 609 209 1 -
333 565 2 -
205 718 7 -
2 193 719 16 -
450 441 9 -
825 101 4 -
18 795 84 3 -
4 787 137 2 -
1 120 807 6892 3084 53 0
Table 25: Number of maximum temperature days at Hakha, duration: 1989-2010
6.2
Maximum temp (°C) 40° and greater
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
38° - 40°
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
36° - 38°
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
30° - 36°
-
-
-
8
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
11
25° - 30°
-
20
114
340
241
102
21
28
26
19
2
-
913
20° - 25°
251
326
494
283
377
512
605
562
529
519
303
170
4931
Less than 20°
431
275
74
29
61
46
56
92
105
144
355
512
2180
Rainfall For rainfall all 15 stations of DMH were considered. The number of rainy days for different rainfall ranges, i.e. light rain, moderate rain, moderately heavy rain, heavy rainfall etc, were calculated for all stations. Table 26 to Table 31 show the results for the weather stations representing the states and regions of Myanmar during the study period 1981-2010. When the monsoon season is onset, rainfall increases for the rest of the season all over the country. During the months May to October the frequency of “moderately heavy” to “heavy” rainfall days are highest over the country. In the southwest monsoon season, heavy to very heavy rainfall days are the most frequent in the month of May and June in the coastal area of the country. “Extremely heavy rainy days” were recorded at Mawlamyine in July (481 mm rainfall on 16.6.2004, 344mm on 25.8.1994, 300mm on 23.5.2004) and at other stations, such as Kaba-Aye (344mm on 5.5.2007) and Sittwe (323 mm on 21.6.1994). One of the highest recorded rainfall amounts of 344 mm was observed at Yangon, Kaba-Aye on 5.5.2007 during a period of 39 years. 44
Table 26: Frequency of rainy days over Myitkyina for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010 Rainfall (mm)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Dry days
879
739
796
704
518
209
150
307
416
622
819
870
7029
Light rain 1-10
45
99
114
152
230
284
353
307
254
165
54
51
2108
5
6
17
30
99
158
178
136
96
58
18
8
809
1
2
3
9
53
139
146
105
78
58
8
-
602
-
1
-
5
21
82
84
64
47
22
1
1
328
-
-
-
-
3
15
4
3
4
1
-
-
30
-
-
-
-
6
12
15
8
5
4
-
-
50
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
Moderate rain 1122 Moderate heavy 23-43 Heavy rain 44-88 Very heavy rain > 89 Very heavy rain 100-199 Very heavy rain 200-299 Very heavy rain > 300
*3rd June 2001 --- 233 mm rainfall
Table 27: Frequency of rainy days over Kaba-Aye for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010 Rainfall (mm)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Dry days
926
814
874
796
442
124
114
100
233
513
773
913
6622
Light rain 1-10
4
3
15
51
199
311
313
344
317
240
81
9
1887
-
1
2
12
113
192
191
198
137
89
30
5
970
-
-
7
6
83
165
191
183
124
60
8
3
830
-
1
1
1
57
94
109
96
51
25
5
-
440
-
-
-
2
1
7
3
3
1
1
1
-
19
-
-
-
2
2
7
9
6
6
2
2
-
36
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
Moderate rain 1122 Moderate heavy 23-43 Heavy rain 44-88 Very heavy rain > 89 Very heavy rain 100-199 Very heavy rain 200-299 Very heavy rain > 300
*22ndSeptember 2007--- 243mm, *3rd May 2008--- 244mm & *5 May 2007--- 344mm
45
Table 28: Frequency of rainy days over Mawlamyine for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010 Rainfall (mm)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Dry days
920
830
828
698
350
74
92
80
230
582
807
912
920
Light rain 1-10
8
12
34
93
228
206
186
186
262
191
55
6
8
2
2
7
39
143
174
157
136
130
75
21
6
2
-
3
7
23
102
200
171
177
125
47
10
2
-
-
-
1
9
76
177
197
216
118
23
5
3
-
-
-
-
1
7
25
26
24
9
2
1
-
-
-
-
-
6
17
41
59
76
23
9
1
1
-
-
-
-
1
7
2
11
3
3
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
Moderate rain 1122 Moderate heavy 23-43 Heavy rain 44-88 Very heavy rain > 89 Very heavy rain 100-199 Very heavy rain 200-299 Very heavy rain > 300
*23rd May 2004 ----300 mm, * 16 June 2004 ---481 mm, * 25 August 1994 ---- 344 mm
Table 29: Frequency of rainy days over Sittwe for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010 Rainfall (mm)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Dry days
863
790
906
800
532
143
83
104
278
606
773
873
6751
Light rain 1-10
4
21
17
42
154
181
186
249
247
160
55
16
1332
1
5
4
16
77
123
135
156
132
46
23
3
721
-
2
2
8
68
172
182
171
112
56
20
4
797
-
2
1
3
52
165
223
182
98
43
20
2
791
-
-
-
-
6
24
26
20
13
6
1
1
97
-
-
-
2
7
76
89
41
18
10
8
-
251
-
-
-
-
2
15
6
7
2
3
-
-
35
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
Moderate rain 1122 Moderate heavy 23-43 Heavy rain 44-88 Very heavy rain > 89 Very heavy rain 100-199 Very heavy rain 200-299 Very heavy rain > 300
**21st June 1994 --- 323 mm
46
Table 30: Frequency of rainy days over Taunggyi for different ranges during the period 1981-2010 Rainfall (mm)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Dry days
918
821
883
732
472
303
254
196
280
505
689
866
6919
Light rain 1-10
9
21
41
115
294
424
477
458
357
258
112
24
2590
3
3
4
38
101
110
124
164
143
102
37
6
835
-
1
2
12
45
53
60
79
80
46
21
2
401
-
1
-
2
18
10
15
31
37
17
11
1
143
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
2
1
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
Moderate rain 1122 Moderate heavy 23-43 Heavy rain 44-88 Very heavy rain > 89 Very heavy rain 100-199 Very heavy rain 200-299 Very heavy rain > 300
Table 31: Frequency of rainy days over Mandalay for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010 Rainfall (mm)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Dry days
923
832
903
774
626
660
691
617
571
675
805
882
8959
Light rain 1-10
5
13
23
89
191
163
156
212
206
145
65
14
1282
1
2
2
21
51
40
25
48
61
57
12
1
321
-
1
2
12
44
42
16
28
38
32
13
2
230
-
-
-
4
18
11
8
21
20
17
5
-
104
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
2
2
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
4
1
2
-
-
9
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
Moderate rain 1122 Moderate heavy 23-43 Heavy rain 44-88 Very heavy rain > 89 Very heavy rain 100-199 Very heavy rain 200-299 Very heavy rain > 300
** 14 June 2007 --- 259 mm &** 29 September 1997 --- 217 mm
47
7 Wind roses for different season in Myanmar
Wind roses from 15 stations of DMH were calculated for different seasons. Figure 5 to Figure 19 show the results for the wind direction and speed representing the states and regions of Myanmar during the study period 2001-2010. During the pre-monsoon months of onset date to June, the wind blew Southeast, South and Southwest direction over the country. In the Southwest monsoon months of July and August, the wind blew South and Southwest direction and in the post monsoon months of September to withdrawal date, the wind blew from North and Northeast direction over the country. For the wind speed, the coastal areas have stronger wind than the inland areas and also stronger wind prevailed monsoon season than the pre and post monsoon. Figures of wind roses for regions and state cities are given below and others figures are listed in the Appendix.
48
Figure 5: Loikaw: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
Figure 6: Loikaw: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
Figure 7: Loikaw: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post-monsoon season
49
Figure 8: Mawlamyine: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
Figure 9: Mawlamyine: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
Figure 10: Mawlamyine: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post-monsoon season
50
Figure 11: Sittwe: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
Figure 12: Sittwe: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
Figure 13: Sittwe: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post-monsoon season 51
Figure 14: Taunggyi: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
Figure 15: Taunggyi: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
Figure 16: Taunggyi: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post-monsoon season
52
Figure 17: Monywa: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
Figure 18: Monywa: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
Figure 19: Monywa: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post monsoon season
53
8 Detected changes in Myanmar Climate
8.1
Temperature Trends It was very clear from temperature trend analysis that the both maximum and minimum temperature showed increasing trends for 9 stations, the other 7 stations as Sittwe, Pathein, Kaba-Aye, Dawei, Hpa-an, Hkamti and Hakha showed increasing trend for maximum temperature and decreasing trend for minimum temperature over all parts of the country. The trends from some stations were not statistically significant. The highest rate of decreasing minimum temperature trends over 35 years was 2.6°C at Kaba-Aye and 2.3°C at Hkamti. The highest rate of increasing maximum temperature trends over 35 years was 1.6°C at Monywa. The deviation for Tmax was calculated following the formula: Tmaxn – Tmaxnormal, and the deviation for Tmin was calculated by Tminn – Tminnormal, where “n” represents each year and “normal” is the Tmax or Tmin normals calculated for the period 1981-2010.
54
Figure 20: Maximum and Minimum temperature Deviation trend over Loikaw
Figure 21: Maximum and Minimum temperature Deviation trend over Mawlamyine 55
Figure 22: Maximum and Minimum temperature Deviation trend over Sittwe
Figure 23: Maximum and Minimum temperature Deviation trend over Monywa 56
Figure 24: Maximum and Minimum temperature Deviation trend over Taunggyi
8.2 8.2.1
Seasonal change of Rainfall and Temperature Rainfall For calculation of seasonal change of rainfall, we used two data set, one existing normal (1961-1990) and new normal (1981-2010). The existing normal (1961-1990) was considered as the base period and the change was calculated. The 1981-2010 rainfall normal has decreased compared to the 1961-1990 normal for the months of May, June, July and August, while it is nearly unchanged for the other months (Figure 25). The decrease is largest in June (-59.2 mm), July (-42.6 mm) and August (-66.2 mm). The normal annual rainfall sum of Myanmar has decreased by 185 mm, from 2406 mm to 2221 mm, in the period from 1961-1990 to 1981-2010. However, more long-term trend analyses are needed in order to conclude whether the annual rainfall is decreasing in Myanmar.
57
Normal(1961-1990)
Normal(1981-2010)
600.0 500.0 400.0 300.0 200.0 100.0 0.0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Figure 25: Country normal rainfall comparison over Myanmar
Table 32: Normal rainfalls data (mm) for periods (1961-1990) and (1981-2010) over Myanmar Normal period Normal (1961-1990) Normal (1981-2010)
8.2.2
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
6.4
6.9
10.7
49.2
232.1
483.6 511.6
3.5
7.7
14.6
44.3
223.2
424.4 469.0
Oct
Nov
Dec
Annual sum
537.8 324.5
177.4
56.7
8.9
2405.9
471.6 325.6
176.1
52.2
9.1
2221.4
Aug
Sep
Temperature Comparisons of normal minimum and maximum temperature were carried out using the new normal (1981-2010) with respect to the previous normal period (1961-1990). The 1981-2010 normal minimum temperature is less than the 1961-1990 normal for the months from January to May and from September to December. It is nearly unchanged for the months of June, July and August (Figure 26). The normal annual mean minimum temperature has decreased from 1961-1990 to 1981-2010 by 0.4 degrees, from 20.1 °C to 19.7 °C (Table 33). 58
Normal(1961-1990)
Normal(1981-2010)
24.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 16.0 14.0 12.0 JAN
FEB MAR APR MAY JUN
JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Figure 26: Country normal minimum temperature comparison over Myanmar Normal period
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Annual mean
Normal (1961-1990)
13.8
15.2
18.4
22.0
23.4
23.4
23.2
23.1
22.9
22.0
19.1
15.2
20.1
Normal (1981-2010)
12.7
14.4
17.8
21.5
23.0
23.3
23.3
23.1
22.7
21.7
18.3
14.3
19.7
Table 33: Normal minimum temperature data (°C) for the periods 1961-1991 and 19812010 over Myanmar The country normal maximum temperature has increased from 1961-1990 to 1981-2010 in nearly all months except February and December (Figure 27). It is clear that the difference in maximum temperature between the two normal periods is higher in the months April to September compared to other months. The largest increase was found in June (+1.2 °C), July (+0.9 °C) and August (+0.9 °C). The normal annual mean maximum temperature has increased from 1961-1990 to 1981-2010 by 0.5 °C, from 30.8 °C to 31.3 °C (Table 34).
59
Normal(1961-1990)
36.5
Normal(1981-2010)
35.5 34.5 33.5 32.5 31.5 30.5 29.5 28.5 27.5 JAN
FEB MAR APR MAY JUN
JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Figure 27: Country normal maximum temperature comparison over Myanmar Normal period
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Annual mean
Normal (1961-1990)
28.5
31.2
33.6
34.9
33.2
30.1
29.7
29.5
30.4
30.8
29.8
28.3
30.8
Normal (1981-2010
28.7
31.2
34.0
35.7
33.8
31.3
30.6
30.4
30.9
31.2
29.9
28.3
31.3
Table 34: Normal maximum temperature data (°C) for the periods 1961-1991 and 19812010 over Myanmar 8.3
Monsoon Comparisons of normal monsoon onset and withdrawal dates were calculated using the new normal (1981-2010) with respect to the existing normal period (1961-1990). The 1981-2010 normal onset date was thirteen days later than the previous normal for the Southern Myanmar areas and five days later than the previous normal for the Northern Myanmar areas (Figure 28).The 1981-2010 normal withdrawal date was seventeen days later than the previous normal for Northern Myanmar areas and eleven days later than the old normal for Southern Myanmar areas (Figure 29). The trend for monsoon onset is increasing, which means that the onset is coming later, and the trend for monsoon withdrawal is decreasing, which means that the withdrawal is coming earlier, in the period from the year 1955 to the year 2015 (Figure 30) and (Figure 31). The duration of rainy season may have increased compared to the new normal monsoon period (121 days) in the recent years.
60
Figure 28: Comparison between old and new normal monsoon onset date over Myanmar
Figure 29: Comparison between old and new normal monsoon withdrawal date over Myanmar 61
Figure 30: Monsoon onset in Northern Myanmar Areas during 1955-2015 over Myanmar
Figure 31: Monsoon withdrawal in Southern Myanmar Areas during 1955-2015 over Myanmar 62
9 Conclusions
Extreme weather events have increased after the 1980s. The occurrences of El Nino and La Nina events seen more frequent than 1972 over the world. During the period 19812010 there were several El Nino and La Nina events. For example, during 1997-1998 there was one of the strongest El Nino events recorded and it was followed directly by a La Nina event in 1998-1999. El Nino years are linked to higher global temperatures and may also cause long durations of high maximum temperatures in Myanmar. In the years of El Nino, extreme weather events such as high temperatures were recorded in Myanmar. 2010 was another El Nino year. Twenty stations in Myanmar registered new maximum temperature records during April and May 2010. The years 2015-2016 are also influenced by a very strong El Nino. The continuous global warming causes the temperatures during El Nino to be especially high. Therefore, the extreme events are not only caused by phenomena like El Nino and La Nina, but basically by the increasing global warming and climate change over the globe. Due to global climate change, decreasing amounts of rainfall were observed during the monsoon period, the maximum temperature increased and the minimum temperature decreased in Myanmar during the period 1981-2010. Changes in various climate parameters were observed and analyzed in this report. New normal values for minimum and maximum temperature, rainfall, and monsoon onset and withdrawal dates were calculated for the period 1981-2010. Normal values of temperature and rainfall for the whole country were calculated for all months and compared to values of the previous normal period 1961-1990. Trends of minimum and maximum temperature were also calculated. For temperature, the maximum temperature has increased for almost every station; whereas the minimum temperature has decreased for most of the stations. The normal maximum temperature for the whole country of Myanmar has increased from 19611990 to 1981-2010 for all months, except February and December. The largest increase 63
was found in June, July and August. For the whole year, the normal annual mean maximum temperature increased by 0.5 °C from 1961-1990 to 1981-2010. The normal minimum temperature has decreased from January to May and from September to December, and remained unchanged from June to August. Here it is also seen that the increasing rate of maximum temperature is higher than the increasing rate of minimum temperature. The normal rainfall pattern has also shifted. It has decreased in the months from May to August and in the other months it has remained nearly unchanged. In the pre-monsoon and mid-monsoon seasons, rainfall has decreased over the whole country and it has been unchanged in the months of winter and post monsoon seasons over Myanmar. The decrease in rainfall was largest in June, July and August. For the whole year, the normal annual rainfall sum of Myanmar decreased by 185 mm in the period from 1961-1990 to 1981-2010. More studies are needed to conclude on the long-term rainfall trends in Myanmar. The onset date of monsoon is later and the withdrawal date is earlier in the new normal period, which means a shorter duration of the rainy season. The normal duration of monsoon period was 144 days in the period (1961-1990) and 121 days in the period of (1981-2010). During the period from the year 1955 to the year 2015, the trend for monsoon onset has increased, and the trend for monsoon withdrawal has decreased. However, in the last 10-15 years of the period, the trend for monsoon withdrawal has again increased. This indicates a possible increase in the duration of the rainy season compared to the new normal monsoon period. When we compare with the old normal, rainy season is shorter in the recent years.
64
Acknowledgements
We express our sincere thanks to Director General Dr. Hrin Nei Thiam, M.E (Hydrology) in Roorkee, India, Ph.D (Physics), Yangon University, Head of Department of Meteorology and Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the support of the capacity building project and special thanks to the Norwegian Meteorological Institute for “Instruments and Technical Support for Capacity Building in Weather forecasting and Climate Services”. DMH are greatly indebted to Mr. Tor Ivar Mathisen and Dr. Reidun Gangstø Skaland from the Norwegian Meteorological Institute for their valuable technical guidance and advice for preparation of this climate report of Myanmar. We would also like to thank ADPC for their support with data digitizing, data base and data portal. We would like to express sincerely thanks to Deputy Director General, Director and Deputy Director of Met. Division and also special thanks to junior/staffs at the climate, record and research section for their hardworking in computing and compilation of the data for this report. Record Section
65
Appendix
66
Figure 32: Myitkyina: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
Figure 33: Myitkyina: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
Figure 34: Myitkyina: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post-monsoon season
67
Figure 35: Hpa-an: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
Figure 36: Hpa-an: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
Figure 37: Hpa-an:Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post monsoon season
68
Figure 38: Hakha: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
Figure 39: Hakha: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
Figure 40: Hakha: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post monsoon season
69
Figure 41: Kengtung: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
Figure 42: Kengtung: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
Figure 43: Kengtung: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post monsoon season
70
Figure 44: Mandalay: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
Figure 45: Mandalay: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
Figure 46: Mandalay: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post monsoon season
71
Figure 47: Hkamti: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
Figure 48: Hkamti: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
Figure 49: Hkamti: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post monsoon season
72
Figure 50: Homalin: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
Figure 51: Homalin: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
Figure 52: Homalin: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post monsoon season
73
Figure 53: Bago: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
Figure 54: Bago: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
Figure 55: Bago: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post monsoon season
74
Figure 56: Kaba-Aye: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
Figure 57: Kaba-Aye: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
Figure 58: Kaba-Aye: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post monsoon season
75
Figure 59: Pathein: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
Figure 60: Pathein: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
Figure 61: Pathein: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post monsoon season
76
Figure 62: Dawei: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
Figure 63: Dawei: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
Figure 64: Dawei: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post monsoon season
77
Figure 65: Lashio: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
Figure 66: Lashio: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
Figure 67: Lashio: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post monsoon season
78
Figure 68: Magway: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
Figure 69: Magway: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
Figure 70: Magway: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post monsoon season
79
Figure 71 Maximum and minimum Temperature Deviation trend over Myitkyia
Figure 72 Maximum and minimum Temperature Deviation trend over Hakha 80
Figure 73 Maximum and minimum Temperature Deviation trend over Kengtung
Figure 74 Maximum and minimum Temperature Deviation trend over Hpa-an 81
Figure 75 Maximum and minimum Temperature Deviation trend over Lashio
Figure 76: Maximum and minimum Temperature Deviation trend over Mandalay 82
Figure 77: Maximum and minimum Temperature Deviation trend over Hkamti
Figure 78: Maximum and minimum Temperature Deviation trend over Magway 83
Figure 79: Maximum and minimum Temperature Deviation trend over Homalin
Figure 80: Maximum and minimum Temperature Deviation trend over Kaba-Aye 84
Figure 81: Maximum and minimum Temperature Deviation trend over Pathein
Figure 82: Maximum and minimum Temperature Deviation trend over Bago 85
Figure 83: Maximum and minimum Temperature Deviation trend over Dawei
86
Table 35: Number of minimum temperature days at Loikaw, duration: 1981-2010 Minimum temp (°C)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Less than 6°
54
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
35
97
6° - 8°
306
107
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
13
197
625
8° - 10°
314
260
47
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
41
286
948
10° - 15°
214
424
477
33
-
-
-
-
-
36
406
331
1921
15° - 20°
11
43
396
626
290
223
321
324
416
709
421
81
3861
20° - 25°
-
6
9
240
639
677
609
606
484
185
18
-
3473
Greater than 25°
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
Table 36: Number of minimum temperature days at Lashio, duration: 1981-2010 Minimum temp (°C)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Less than 6°
577
439
112
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
13
267
1412
6° - 8°
229
234
204
11
-
-
-
-
-
-
69
253
1000
8° - 10°
76
91
226
32
-
-
-
-
-
6
122
182
735
10° - 15°
42
78
332
393
34
1
21
-
2
86
388
197
1574
15° - 20°
3
5
54
438
561
63
873
23
191
559
295
31
3096
20° - 25°
1
-
2
22
335
831
5
874
705
279
13
-
3067
Greater than 25°
-
-
-
-
-
5
-
2
2
-
-
-
9
Table 37: Number of minimum temperatur days at Kengtung, duration: 1981-2010 Minimum temp (°C)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Less than 6°
24
10
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
34
77
6° - 8°
195
70
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
18
125
417
8° - 10°
291
246
26
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
37
202
805
10° - 15°
368
456
547
102
7
1
-
-
6
71
395
414
2367
15° - 20°
21
36
309
573
354
102
152
133
343
571
369
93
3056
20° - 25°
-
-
8
135
504
735
716
735
491
191
13
-
3528
Greater than 25°
-
-
-
-
3
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
87
Table 38: Number of minimum temperature days at Mandalay, duration: 1981-2010 Minimum temp (°C) Less than 6°
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
6° - 8°
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
3
8° - 10°
21
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
28
10° - 15°
720
329
18
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
26
474
1567
15° - 20°
189
484
410
41
1
-
-
-
-
19
429
412
1985
20° - 25°
-
32
445
468
326
160
123
205
362
713
443
36
3313
Greater than 25°
-
-
57
391
603
740
807
725
538
198
2
-
4061
Table 39: Number of minimum temperature days at Homalin, duration: 1981-2010 Minimum temp(°C) Less than 6°
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
10
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
19
6° - 8°
139
33
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
52
226
8° - 10°
313
140
10
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
183
648
10° - 15°
443
553
378
35
-
-
-
-
-
5
334
610
2358
15° - 20°
25
119
516
529
117
4
3
7
43
274
509
78
2224
20° - 25°
-
-
23
326
774
720
745
764
781
642
55
-
4830
Greater than 25°
-
-
1
10
39
176
182
159
76
9
-
-
652
Table 40: Number of minimum temperature days at Bago, duration: 1981-2010 Minimum temp(°C) Less than 6°
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
6° - 8°
2
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
6
8° - 10°
12
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
22
10° - 15°
357
189
10
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
14
218
791
15° - 20°
535
543
439
75
76
113
111
122
96
64
304
614
3092
20° - 25°
24
106
479
714
652
736
788
760
776
825
580
91
6531
Greater than 25°
-
2
2
110
200
51
31
17
28
41
2
-
484
88
Table 41: Number of minimum temperature days at Kaba-Aye, duration: 1981-2010 Minimum temp (°C) Less than 6°
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
6° - 8°
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
8° - 10°
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
10° - 15°
213
66
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
13
143
435
15° - 20°
658
599
299
23
19
26
70
61
61
52
228
626
2722
20° - 25°
58
181
623
706
572
730
754
786
739
820
647
161
6777
Greater than 25°
-
-
8
171
339
144
106
83
100
58
12
-
1021
Table 42: Number of minimum temperature days at Dawei, duration: 1981-2010 Minimum temp (°C) Less than 6°
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
6° - 8°
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
2
8° - 10°
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
3
10° - 15°
141
57
9
-
1
-
-
-
-
2
28
153
391
15° - 20°
579
450
253
15
2
8
18
21
29
49
272
549
2245
20° - 25°
209
339
664
855
878
878
911
905
847
872
595
221
8174
Greater than 25°
-
1
4
30
49
14
1
4
4
7
5
2
121
Table 43: Number of maximum temperature days at Loikaw, duration: 1981-2010 Maximum temp (°C) 40° and greater
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
38° - 40°
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
36° - 38°
-
-
2
64
19
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
85
30° - 36°
53
364
826
754
549
138
64
45
101
129
48
-
3071
25° - 30°
717
471
91
76
327
735
806
816
769
756
695
570
6829
20° - 25°
128
11
11
6
35
27
60
69
30
44
147
336
904
Less 20°
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
10
8
21
than
89
Table 44: Number of maximum temperature days at Lashio, duration: 1981-2010 Maximum temp (°C) 40° and greater
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
38° - 40°
-
-
-
3
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
36° - 38°
-
-
1
90
33
3
-
-
4
-
-
-
131
30° - 36°
2
174
711
653
645
543
388
420
487
426
57
2
4508
25° - 30°
600
559
185
137
215
341
442
440
375
425
697
482
4898
20° - 25°
320
95
26
16
33
12
69
38
32
74
128
427
1270
Less 20°
8
19
7
1
3
1
-
-
2
5
18
19
83
than
Table 45: Number of maximum temperature days at Kengtung, duration: 1981-2010 Maximum temp (°C) 40° and greater
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
38° - 40°
-
-
-
16
14
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
30
36° - 38°
-
-
6
139
91
11
-
-
-
-
-
-
247
30° - 36°
36
366
749
556
515
530
382
383
400
313
123
11
4364
25° - 30°
721
402
110
80
199
280
426
445
388
414
542
548
4555
20° - 25°
131
42
30
18
46
19
60
40
52
100
151
266
955
Less 20°
11
8
4
1
3
-
-
-
-
10
24
43
104
than
Table 46: Number of maximum temperature days at Mandalay, duration: 1981-2010 Maximum temp (°C) 40° and greater
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
-
-
46
324
171
12
2
3
-
-
-
-
558
38° - 40°
-
7
203
291
176
47
54
15
4
8
-
-
805
36° - 38°
-
54
333
164
204
234
231
152
86
30
6
1
1495
30° - 36°
367
654
326
107
341
593
624
727
765
823
657
253
6237
25° - 30°
547
117
20
14
36
14
19
32
45
66
200
639
1749
20° - 25°
15
13
2
-
2
-
-
1
-
3
37
32
105
Less 20°
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
8
than
90
Table 47: Number of maximum temperature days at Homalin, duration: 1981-2010 Maximum temp (°C) 40° and greater
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
-
-
-
9
20
17
-
-
-
-
-
-
46
38° - 40°
-
-
5
70
85
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
169
36° - 38°
-
-
39
155
151
21
1
7
15
14
-
-
403
30° - 36°
1
202
638
489
500
585
531
593
613
667
312
12
5143
25° - 30°
631
532
179
141
152
267
394
327
255
205
520
685
4288
20° - 25°
275
100
66
36
22
1
4
3
17
44
68
203
839
Less 20°
23
13
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
30
69
than
Table 48: Number of maximum temperature days at Bago, duration: 1981-2010 Maximum temp (°C) 40° and greater
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
-
-
-
76
54
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
130
38° - 40°
-
8
166
358
125
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
657
36° - 38°
-
84
344
326
143
1
-
-
-
2
6
-
906
30° - 36°
765
739
405
127
471
440
380
313
564
826
791
659
6480
25° - 30°
163
15
15
13
136
451
545
585
335
98
96
268
2720
20° - 25°
2
1
-
-
1
8
5
1
1
4
7
3
33
Less 20°
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
than
Table 49: Number of maximum temperature days at Kaba-Aye, duration: 1981-2010 Maximum temp (°C) 40° and greater
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
-
1
2
32
24
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
59
38° - 40°
-
21
139
350
125
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
636
36° - 38°
9
233
500
380
138
-
-
-
1
11
29
6
1307
30° - 36°
885
586
284
128
509
568
500
455
605
779
797
850
6946
25° - 30°
35
6
5
10
134
332
429
475
292
136
65
73
1992
20° - 25°
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
4
9
-
16
Less 20°
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
than
91
Table 50: Number of maximum temperature days at Dawei, duration: 1981-2010 Maximum temp (°C) 40° and greater
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
38° - 40°
-
-
4
7
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
17
36° - 38°
5
31
125
207
53
-
-
-
1
1
13
3
439
30° - 36°
891
804
793
662
586
307
224
169
360
743
816
815
7170
25° - 30°
34
12
8
23
277
557
669
704
505
70
112
3153
20° - 25°
-
-
-
1
8
36
37
57
14
4
1
-
158
Less 20°
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
than
182
Table 51: Frequency of rainy days over Loikaw for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010 Rainfall (mm)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Dry days
918
834
896
758
516
355
367
317
390
594
759
901
7605
Light rain 1-10
5
10
25
107
286
427
430
425
321
243
95
21
2395
Moderate rain 11-22
5
3
5
25
80
79
86
104
110
54
34
6
591
Moderate heavy 23-43
2
-
4
8
37
35
41
66
61
32
8
2
296
Heavy rain 44-88
-
-
-
2
11
4
6
18
18
6
5
-
70
Very heavy rain > 89
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
Very heavy rain 100-199 Very heavy rain 200-299 Very heavy rain > 300
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
92
Table 52: Frequency of rainy days over Hakha for different rainfall ranges during the period 1989-2010 Rainfall (mm)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Dry days
635
546
607
520
382
222
171
157
186
330
548
655
4959
Light rain 1-10
13
37
52
96
187
269
281
280
256
212
76
17
1776
Moderate rain 11-22
2
9
15
26
60
92
115
137
117
79
29
5
686
Moderate heavy 23-43
-
-
6
15
33
57
90
79
74
39
4
4
401
Heavy rain 44-88
-
-
1
2
17
19
25
29
22
21
3
1
140
Very heavy rain > 89
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
2
Very heavy rain 100-199 Very heavy rain 200-299 Very heavy rain > 300
-
-
-
1
3
-
-
-
4
1
-
-
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
Table 53: Frequency of rainy days over Lashio for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010 Rainfall (mm)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Dry days
908
808
861
666
524
420
329
329
453
610
763
891
7562
Light rain 1-10
20
32
62
184
268
308
366
358
270
195
80
31
2174
Moderate rain 11-22
1
5
3
35
81
100
121
117
97
73
36
4
673
Moderate heavy 23-43
1
2
4
15
48
53
66
73
61
33
12
3
371
Heavy rain 44-88
-
-
-
-
9
14
16
20
19
19
8
-
105
Very heavy rain > 89
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
Very heavy rain 100-199 Very heavy rain 200-299 Very heavy rain > 300
-
-
-
-
3
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
93
Table 54: Frequency of rainy days over Kengtung for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010 Rainfall (mm)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Dry days
852
771
817
644
451
324
262
275
403
523
671
780
6773
Light rain 1-10
35
41
62
112
293
388
390
394
286
210
99
43
2353
Moderate rain 11-22
10
4
18
40
70
82
143
133
95
73
33
9
710
Moderate heavy 23-43
1
1
2
11
43
36
60
52
43
25
26
5
305
Heavy rain 44-88
1
1
-
3
11
10
12
12
13
6
10
-
79
Very heavy rain > 89
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
2
Very heavy rain 100-199 Very heavy rain 200-299 Very heavy rain > 300
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
Table 55: Frequency of rainy days over Magway for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010 Rainfall (mm)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Dry days
892
808
914
852
691
493
549
488
527
653
795
908
8570
Light rain 1-10
6
10
12
32
154
288
297
315
224
162
66
16
1582
Moderate rain 11-22
-
-
3
7
44
74
55
78
76
64
19
4
424
Moderate heavy 23-43
1
1
-
6
30
32
23
41
53
29
12
2
230
Heavy rain 44-88
-
-
1
2
9
12
6
6
19
19
7
-
81
Very heavy rain > 89
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
2
2
-
-
6
Very heavy rain 100-199 Very heavy rain 200-299 Very heavy rain > 300
-
-
-
-
2
1
-
-
1
1
1
-
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
94
Table 56: Frequency of rainy days over Monywa for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010 Rainfall (mm)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Dry days
925
834
891
807
686
704
768
674
598
691
829
911
9318
Light rain 1-10
2
12
33
71
171
120
124
162
163
138
44
15
1055
Moderate rain 11-22
2
1
5
15
38
42
19
45
67
48
8
4
294
Moderate heavy 23-43
-
-
-
5
24
24
12
39
43
41
12
-
200
Heavy rain 44-88
-
-
1
2
8
8
7
9
27
12
6
-
80
Very heavy rain > 89
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
2
Very heavy rain 100-199 Very heavy rain 200-299 Very heavy rain > 300
-
-
-
-
1
2
-
1
1
-
1
-
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
Table 57: Frequency of rainy days over Hkamti for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010 Rainfall (mm)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Dry days
887
767
831
705
557
190
104
203
322
631
816
867
6880
Light rain 1-10
35
64
85
153
179
228
217
261
239
155
60
28
1704
Moderate rain 11-22
7
12
10
28
79
135
155
129
132
57
11
2
757
Moderate heavy 23-43
1
2
3
10
58
148
155
132
85
43
10
1
648
Heavy rain 44-88
-
1
1
3
45
131
180
132
96
30
1
1
621
Very heavy rain > 89
-
-
-
-
2
16
22
19
11
6
-
-
76
Very heavy rain 100-199 Very heavy rain 200-299 Very heavy rain > 300
-
-
-
-
7
45
83
48
11
8
1
-
203
-
-
-
-
3
5
10
6
4
-
-
-
28
-
-
-
-
-
2
4
-
-
-
-
-
6
95
Table 58: Frequency of rainy days over Homalin for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010 Rainfall (mm)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Dry days
896
772
802
696
579
317
281
330
401
636
808
889
7407
Light rain 1-10
24
63
109
168
200
258
280
291
241
152
65
26
1877
Moderate rain 11-22
9
10
13
24
77
130
150
123
113
65
17
10
741
Moderate heavy 23-43
-
2
5
11
43
96
108
96
74
44
6
4
489
Heavy rain 44-88
-
-
-
1
22
82
83
73
51
24
4
-
340
Very heavy rain > 89
-
-
-
-
1
8
6
7
7
2
-
-
31
Very heavy rain 100-199 Very heavy rain 200-299 Very heavy rain > 300
-
-
-
-
6
8
18
9
12
6
-
-
59
-
-
-
-
-
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
Table 59: Frequency of rainy days over Bago for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010 Rainfall (mm)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Dry days
919
839
901
823
445
125
113
159
255
569
795
913
6856
Light rain 1-10
11
5
16
40
234
241
264
232
288
200
65
9
1605
Moderate rain 11-22
-
2
5
16
87
177
194
190
154
84
18
4
931
Moderate heavy 23-43
-
1
4
14
103
186
198
232
124
54
16
2
934
Heavy rain 44-88
-
-
2
6
52
126
134
97
66
19
5
2
509
Very heavy rain > 89
-
-
-
1
2
6
11
10
5
1
-
-
36
Very heavy rain 100-199 Very heavy rain 200-299 Very heavy rain > 300
-
-
-
-
6
9
16
10
8
3
1
-
53
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
96
Table 60: Frequency of rainy days over Pathein for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010 Rainfall (mm)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Dry days
1
3
12
25
185
276
269
303
314
219
58
3
1668
Light rain 1-10
-
4
2
14
79
164
154
174
128
113
26
2
860
Moderate rain 11-22
1
2
2
6
63
166
184
150
124
51
17
1
767
Moderate heavy 23-43
-
1
1
6
43
90
110
105
49
21
8
-
434
Heavy rain 44-88
-
-
-
-
5
5
8
9
4
1
-
-
32
Very heavy rain > 89
-
1
-
-
4
17
16
19
4
3
4
1
69
Very heavy rain 100-199 Very heavy rain 200-299 Very heavy rain > 300
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
1
3
12
25
185
276
269
303
314
219
58
3
1668
Table 61: Frequency of rainy days over Dawei for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010 Rainfall (mm)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Dry days
907
809
841
726
313
89
86
72
162
418
776
905
6104
Light rain 1-10
17
26
54
91
253
198
208
201
272
279
85
18
1702
Moderate rain 11-22
4
4
18
34
119
154
153
140
151
97
19
5
898
Moderate heavy 23-43
2
5
12
31
126
171
204
184
135
65
16
1
952
Heavy rain 44-88
-
3
4
13
85
201
177
203
109
55
2
1
853
Very heavy rain > 89
-
-
-
2
14
18
21
24
12
2
1
-
94
Very heavy rain 100-199 Very heavy rain 200-299 Very heavy rain > 300
-
-
1
2
20
62
66
97
34
12
-
-
294
-
-
-
-
-
6
12
7
4
1
-
-
30
-
-
-
1
-
1
3
2
1
1
-
-
9
97
List of figures
Figure 1: Monthly normal rainfall over Myanmar (1981-2010)
16
Figure 2: Monthly normal maximum and minimum temperature of Myanmar (1981-2010)
16
Figure 3: Station elevation map of DMH
21
Figure 4: Station location map
21
Figure 5: Loikaw: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
49
Figure 6: Loikaw: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
49
Figure 7: Loikaw: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post-monsoon season
49
Figure 8: Mawlamyine: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
50
Figure 9: Mawlamyine: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
50
Figure 10: Mawlamyine: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post-monsoon season
50
Figure 11: Sittwe: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
51
Figure 12: Sittwe: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
51
Figure 13: Sittwe: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post-monsoon season
51
Figure 14: Taunggyi: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
52
Figure 15: Taunggyi: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
52
Figure 16: Taunggyi: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post-monsoon season
52
Figure 17: Monywa: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
53
Figure 18: Monywa: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
53
98
Figure 19: Monywa: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post monsoon season
53
Figure 20: Maximum and Minimum temperature Deviation trend over Loikaw
55
Figure 21: Maximum and Minimum temperature Deviation trend over Mawlamyine
55
Figure 22: Maximum and Minimum temperature Deviation trend over Sittwe
56
Figure 23: Maximum and Minimum temperature Deviation trend over Monywa
56
Figure 24: Maximum and Minimum temperature Deviation trend over Taunggyi
57
Figure 25: Country normal rainfall comparison over Myanmar
58
Figure 26: Country normal minimum temperature comparison over Myanmar
59
Figure 27: Country normal maximum temperature comparison over Myanmar
60
Figure 28: Comparison between old and new normal monsoon onset date over Myanmar
61
Figure 29: Comparison between old and new normal monsoon withdrawal date over Myanmar61 Figure 30: Monsoon onset in Northern Myanmar Areas during 1955-2015 over Myanmar
62
Figure 31: Monsoon withdrawal in Southern Myanmar Areas during 1955-2015 over Myanmar62 Figure 32: Myitkyina: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
67
Figure 33: Myitkyina: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
67
Figure 34: Myitkyina: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post-monsoon season
67
Figure 35: Hpa-an: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
68
Figure 36: Hpa-an: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
68
Figure 37: Hpa-an:Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post monsoon season
68
Figure 38: Hakha: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
69
Figure 39: Hakha: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
69
Figure 40: Hakha: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post monsoon season
69
Figure 41: Kengtung: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
70
Figure 42: Kengtung: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
70
Figure 43: Kengtung: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post monsoon season
70
Figure 44: Mandalay: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
71
Figure 45: Mandalay: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
71 99
Figure 46: Mandalay: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post monsoon season
71
Figure 47: Hkamti: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
72
Figure 48: Hkamti: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
72
Figure 49: Hkamti: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post monsoon season
72
Figure 50: Homalin: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
73
Figure 51: Homalin: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
73
Figure 52: Homalin: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post monsoon season
73
Figure 53: Bago: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
74
Figure 54: Bago: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
74
Figure 55: Bago: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post monsoon season
74
Figure 56: Kaba-Aye: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
75
Figure 57: Kaba-Aye: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
75
Figure 58: Kaba-Aye: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post monsoon season
75
Figure 59: Pathein: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
76
Figure 60: Pathein: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
76
Figure 61: Pathein: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post monsoon season
76
Figure 62: Dawei: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
77
Figure 63: Dawei: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
77
Figure 64: Dawei: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post monsoon season
77
Figure 65: Lashio: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
78
Figure 66: Lashio: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
78
Figure 67: Lashio: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post monsoon season
78
Figure 68: Magway: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for pre-monsoon season
79
Figure 69: Magway: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for monsoon season
79
Figure 70: Magway: Wind rose and frequency of wind speed for post monsoon season
79
Figure 71 Maximum and minimum Temperature Deviation trend over Myitkyia
80
Figure 72 Maximum and minimum Temperature Deviation trend over Hakha
80 100
Figure 73 Maximum and minimum Temperature Deviation trend over Kengtung
81
Figure 74 Maximum and minimum Temperature Deviation trend over Hpa-an
81
Figure 75 Maximum and minimum Temperature Deviation trend over Lashio
82
Figure 76: Maximum and minimum Temperature Deviation trend over Mandalay
82
Figure 77: Maximum and minimum Temperature Deviation trend over Hkamti
83
Figure 78: Maximum and minimum Temperature Deviation trend over Magway
83
Figure 79: Maximum and minimum Temperature Deviation trend over Homalin
84
Figure 80: Maximum and minimum Temperature Deviation trend over Kaba-Aye
84
Figure 81: Maximum and minimum Temperature Deviation trend over Pathein
85
Figure 82: Maximum and minimum Temperature Deviation trend over Bago
85
Figure 83: Maximum and minimum Temperature Deviation trend over Dawei
86
101
List of tables
Table 1: Observatories of DMH which are in operation at present
19
Table 2: Highest maximum Temperature (°C) with date of occurrence; year 2001-2010
22
Table 3: Lowest minimum Temperature (°C) with date of occurrence; year 2001-2010
23
Table 4: List of some devastating cyclones that made landfall over the Myanmar coast
25
Table 5: Monthly normal maximum temperature (°C) for different observatories of DMH
26
Table 6: Monthly normal minimum temperature (°C) for different observatories of DMH
30
Table 7: Monthly normal rainfall
33
Table 8: Number of minimum temperature days at Myitkyina, duration: 1981-2010
38
Table 9: Number of minimum temperature days at Monywa, duration: 1981-2010
38
Table 10: Number of minimum temperature days at Pathein, duration: 1981-2010
38
Table 11: Number of minimum temperature days at Sittwe, duration: 1981-2010
39
Table 12: Number of minimum temperature days at Taunggyi, duration: 1981-2010
39
Table 13: Number of minimum temperature days at Hkamti, duration: 1981-2010
39
Table 14: Number of minimum temperature days at Magway, duration: 1981-2010
40
Table 15: Number of minimum temperature days at Mawlamyine, duration: 1981-2010
40
Table 16: Number of minimum temperature days at Hakha, duration: 1989-2010
40
Table 17: Number of maximum temperature days at Myitkyina, duration: 1981-2010
41
Table 18: Number of maximum temperature days at Monywa, duration: 1981-2010
42
Table 19: Number of maximum temperature days at Pathein, duration: 1981-2010
42 102
Table 20: Number of maximum temperature days at Sittwe, duration: 1981-2010
42
Table 21: Number of maximum temperature days at Taunggyi, duration: 1981-2010
43
Table 22: Number of maximum temperature days at Hkamti, duration: 1981-2010
43
Table 23: Number of maximum temperature days at Magway, duration: 1980-2010
43
Table 24: Number of maximum temperature days at Mawlamyine, duration: 1981-2010
44
Table 25: Number of maximum temperature days at Hakha, duration: 1989-2010
44
Table 26: Frequency of rainy days over Myitkyina for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010 45 Table 27: Frequency of rainy days over Kaba-Aye for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010 45 Table 28: Frequency of rainy days over Mawlamyine for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010
46
Table 29: Frequency of rainy days over Sittwe for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010
46
Table 30: Frequency of rainy days over Taunggyi for different ranges during the period 19812010 47 Table 31: Frequency of rainy days over Mandalay for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010 47 Table 32: Normal rainfalls data (mm) for periods (1961-1990) and (1981-2010) over Myanmar 58 Table 33: Normal minimum temperature data (°C) for the periods 1961-1991 and 1981-2010 over Myanmar 59 Table 34: Normal maximum temperature data (°C) for the periods 1961-1991 and 1981-2010 over Myanmar 60 Table 35: Number of minimum temperature days at Loikaw, duration: 1981-2010
87
Table 36: Number of minimum temperature days at Lashio, duration: 1981-2010
87
Table 37: Number of minimum temperatur days at Kengtung, duration: 1981-2010
87
Table 38: Number of minimum temperature days at Mandalay, duration: 1981-2010
88
Table 39: Number of minimum temperature days at Homalin, duration: 1981-2010
88
Table 40: Number of minimum temperature days at Bago, duration: 1981-2010
88
Table 41: Number of minimum temperature days at Kaba-Aye, duration: 1981-2010
89
103
Table 42: Number of minimum temperature days at Dawei, duration: 1981-2010
89
Table 43: Number of maximum temperature days at Loikaw, duration: 1981-2010
89
Table 44: Number of maximum temperature days at Lashio, duration: 1981-2010
90
Table 45: Number of maximum temperature days at Kengtung, duration: 1981-2010
90
Table 46: Number of maximum temperature days at Mandalay, duration: 1981-2010
90
Table 47: Number of maximum temperature days at Homalin, duration: 1981-2010
91
Table 48: Number of maximum temperature days at Bago, duration: 1981-2010
91
Table 49: Number of maximum temperature days at Kaba-Aye, duration: 1981-2010
91
Table 50: Number of maximum temperature days at Dawei, duration: 1981-2010
92
Table 51: Frequency of rainy days over Loikaw for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010
92
Table 52: Frequency of rainy days over Hakha for different rainfall ranges during the period 1989-2010
93
Table 53: Frequency of rainy days over Lashio for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010
93
Table 54: Frequency of rainy days over Kengtung for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010 94 Table 55: Frequency of rainy days over Magway for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010 94 Table 56: Frequency of rainy days over Monywa for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010 95 Table 57: Frequency of rainy days over Hkamti for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010
95
Table 58: Frequency of rainy days over Homalin for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010 96 Table 59: Frequency of rainy days over Bago for different rainfall ranges during the period 19812010 96 Table 60: Frequency of rainy days over Pathein for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010 97 Table 61: Frequency of rainy days over Dawei for different rainfall ranges during the period 1981-2010
97
104
References
[1] Lwin 1995 “Climate of Myanmar” (Director General (Rtd): Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, DMH) [2] Climate of Bangladesh, 2016, Bangladesh Meteorological Department [3] DMH 2000 “National Course in Agricultural Meteorology” (Yangon: DMH) [4] DMH “Historical storms Reports” (Yangon: DMH) [5] DMH “Daily observations” (Myanmar's Stations, Yangon: DMH) [6] An Introduction to R 2015 “A Programming Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics” Version 3.2.2, W. N. Venables, D. M. Smith and the R Core Team
105
