Post 9/11 international Politics

An Assignment on 9/11 in International Politics Course No: PS-503

Prepared By Mahjuja Tasnim Sweta (Group Leader) Roll: 26, Sec: A; Sharmin Akter; Roll: 04, Sec: A; Md. Maruful Islam Roll: 28, Sec: A; Md. Khalid Ibna Zaman Roll: 36, Sec: A; Imam Hasan Roll: 57, Sec: A;

Abdullah Al-Mahmud Roll: 06, Sec: A; Md. Nurer Safa Roll: 108, Sec: A; Umma Ayesha Asha Roll: 83, Sec: A; Gazi Rausan Habib Anika Roll: 43, Sec: A; Farjana Akter Lupa Roll: 59, Sec: A.

Submitted To Mr. Muhammad Aynul Islam M.S.S. (Dhaka), MA in Governance and Development (Antwerp, Belgium), PGD (NTU, Singapore) Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Dhaka.

Date of Submission: November 05, 2020.

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Contents

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Abstract

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Introduction

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9/11 and its Historical Background

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Role of 9/11 in International Politics

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Characteristics of Post 9/11 Attack

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Was 9/11 a Paradigm Shift or Not?

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Evolving Pattern of Terrorism

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Security Situation in Post 9/11 Era

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Conclusion

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References

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Abstract September 11 attacks, also known as the 9/11 attacks, on New York and Washington, D.C. were undoubtedly the direst terrorist attacks plotted by a non-state terrorist group in the history. Nowadays, some so-called individual or Muslim terrorist groups are carrying out jihad without knowing the true meaning of jihad. Actually jihad is a collective duty according to the Sharia. There are some major differences between Wahhabi view and Bin Laden as well as Al-Qaeda. 9/11 attacks have a great effect in international politics. The international politics witnessed Washington’s unipolarism two or three years after the United States’ attack on Afghanistan. 9/11 incident has brought remarkable paradigm shift in international politics. The US launched the term ‘war on terror’, labeled Iran, Iraq and North Korea as ‘Axis of evil’ as they were opposed to US’s interests. The world has seen contradictory policies towards Islamic world in terms of the US’s ‘War of Interest’ particularly in the Middle East. After this attack, Islamophobia dramatically increased in the world. After 9/11 attack, terrorism has spread from its traditional threats to new threats and its main aim is to create civilian casualties. Following 9/11 attack, though anti-terrorism campaign was launched throughout the world to stable world’s security from terror attack, few authoritarian measures carried by big powers like the US, Russia, China had led this initiation to make the security situation worse than before. Keywords: Terrorism, International terrorism, Security threat, War on terror, Paradigm shift.

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Introduction 21st century began with a terrible terrorist incident called 9/11 that has changed the course of history and shaped a new form of security threat. 'War on terror' has been started in reaction to the deadliest terrorist attack unilaterally where it want. It's a paradigm shift that forms a new kind of world politics. This article will examine the context of 9/11 and the world politics after this deadliest incident which stirred the conventional belief of security that made the US as unipolar power exerciser.

9/11 Attack and Its Historical Background Attacks and its gruesomeness: September 11 attacks, also called 9/11 attacks, series of airline hijackings and suicide attacks committed in 2001 by 19 militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda, which was the deadliest terrorist attacks on American soil in US history. Nineteen terrorists from alQaeda hijacked four commercial airplanes, deliberately crashing two of the planes into the upper floors of the North and South Towers of the World Trade Center complex and a third plane into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. The Twin Towers ultimately collapsed because of the damage sustained from the impacts and the resulting fires. After learning about the other attacks, passengers on the fourth hijacked plane, Flight 93, fought back, and the plane was crashed into an empty field in western Pennsylvania about 20 minutes by air from Washington, D.C.The attacks

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killed 2,977 people from 93 nations: 2,753 people were killed in New York; 184 people were killed at the Pentagon; and 40 people were killed on Flight 93. Police and fire departments in New York were especially hard-hit: hundreds had rushed to the scene of the attacks, and more than 400 police officers and firefighters were killed.

Reasons behind the attack: After the 9/11 attacks in several sources, Osama bin Laden's declaration of a holy war against the United States, and a fatwa signed by bin Laden and others for the killing of Americans in 1998, are seen by investigators as evidence of his motivation. The signed fatwa stated, "We -- with God's help -- call on every Muslim who believes in God and wishes to be rewarded to comply with God's order to kill the Americans and plunder their money wherever and whenever they find it.” In Osama bin Laden's November 2002 "Letter to America", he explicitly stated al-Qaeda's motives for their attacks, blaming the "Zionist crusader alliance and their collaborators" for aggression against Muslims in many countries including Somalia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Qana massacre in Lebanon. He includes atrocities committed by Russian forces in Chechnya and Indian forces in Kashmir and Assam. Other grievances that were mentioned by bin Laden include the presence of US troops in Saudi Arabia, American immorality, US support of Israel and sanctions against Iraq. Wahhabi Doctrine and Terrorism: Wahhabism is accused of ideological source and inspiration behind Islamist terrorist attacks. Wahhabism is the teachings of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab which strongly advocate to follow Islam from the original script of Quran and Pure Hadith. Commins stated wahhabi mission "as the religious reform movement associated with the teachings of Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab (1703–1792)" (Commins, 2006: 6).

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1. Views on Jihad: It is very important to know the views of the Wahhabis to understand the connection with terrorism. According to Muhmmad Ibn Abdul Wahhab, Jihad is a collective duty. The purpose of jihad is the protection and expansion of the Muslim community as a whole, not for personal gain or glory. Only Imam (religious leader) can declare jihad, not political ruler. Jihad can be declared only when the motivating factor was faith alone and cannot be declared as a means of acquiring power, wealth, or glory. Jihad must be preceded by an attempt to call the opponents to Islam. Ibn Abd al-Wahhab wrote, “It is not permitted that one begin with them by killing or invasion prior to their being made aware of the verse.” Only adult male Muslims are required to engage in jihad, opposition should also be adult males. The deliberate killing of innocent women and children, whether born or unborn, is strictly prohibited. He prohibits from killing are shaykhs, the elderly, the blind, monks, and slaves. Those who pay the jizyah in exchange for protection by the Muslims. Delong-bas stated that "the godfather of Wahhabism did not call for the annihilation of Jews and Christians. He took care to preserve human life whenever possible" (Delong-bas, 2006: 205). The deliberate destruction of property not related to the conduct of jihad is forbidden. Even baggage is not to be burned because the people owning it would suffer unduly by its loss. After analyzing the writings and Ideology of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab and Al-Qaeda, Delong-bas (2006) commented, “The militant Islam of Osama bin Laden does not have its origins in the teachings of Ibn Abdul Wahhab and is not representative of Wahhabi Islam.”

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2. Al-Qaeda, Bin Laden and Wahhabism: Bin Laden's declaration of Global Jihad are not Wahhabi in origin. Its root lies in the teachings of Ibn Taymiyya, Ibn al-Qayyim alJawziyyah, and Sayyid Qutb. Bin Laden admitted that Ibn Taymiyya was the original inspiration of jihad against a corrupt regime. Qutb's influence on Osama was the view that global Christian crusader and Zionist conspiracy to destroy Islam. (Delong-Bas, 2006). According to the terrorists, Jihad is personal. You can attack any target you need without looking to casualties of mass people. After declaring fatwa, one can do Jihad worldwide. So Al-Qaeda can hit any non-Muslim anywhere if he do something that directly goes against Islam or themselves like insulting prophet (SM). If any Muslim become ‘murtad' (hates Islamic law or think that other laws can be better or promotes anti-Islamic laws willingly), it’s legal to kill him and anyone can do that. All of these are different from Wahhabi ideology.

Role of 9/11 in International Politics “The US as a Hobbesian sovereign, providing security and protection to a world in need of conflict management and resolution", (Held. D, 2016) this was how David pointed out the situation after the horrific 9/11 where the great US managed the position in the contemporary world which just come out from the ravage of Cold War just a decade ago. We can think that the Cold War was a battle between two rivalry giants where the US was winner and after the Cold War era the nineteenth decade was the transitory period for US for achieving the world leadership which needed a perfect breakthrough and finally it was the 9/11 which consolidated the US supremacy

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in the world politics. After the 9/11, the aforementioned Hobbesian state theory best suited with US policy with which the US had the authority to use maximum military forces, impose economic sanctions, attacking any sovereign country or region without prior notice, defying UN regulations also by neglecting the then big power's opinion about whether the attack was right or wrong in terms of security. According to US, whoever wouldn’t join with them was the foe of US. The main point is that the incident of 9/11 brought a unique example of the world which has witnessed the coalition of rivals the US, Russia and China’s unity for mutual benefit. “The world big powers came under one umbrella under the leadership of US in order to fight against Security Theater” (Ifantis. K, 2015).The US got the support from big powers either forcibly or willingly that gave the license of conducting maximum forces whatever it’s needed to eliminate the world threat, specially, the threat of US benefits inside the box of fighting Against terrorism. The 9/11 was the God gifted and man made incident that helped the US of showing itself as unipolar superpower in international politics. “The US's 'New Empire’s unipolar’ which had the ultimate power and can take action unilaterally against the Rough state or failed state” (Yizhou. W, 2020). After the 9/11, the international politics witnessed the new imperialism of US in the Middle East Arena by spreading hatred towards Muslims as a whole in the view of getting support from the Non-Muslims. In the eyes of the US, the terrorist country or Axis of evil was the Iraq, Iran and North Korea which were the foe of US before 9/11. To capture the Middle East politics and sustain the security of Israel, it was needed to conduct an overall war in this region. The interesting thing was that the war against terrorism was limited in the Middle East and the international community didn’t have any inclination to tackle the threat which came from Africa and other region, such as Nigeria has the most terrorist organization Boko Haram, Sudan has Al Shabab. The international politics, after 9/11, was regulating in the way of War of benefits and war

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of interest. That's why there was no permission granted to attack on Saudi Arabia or even the US didn’t do it though a number of attackers involving in the incident of 9/11 hailed from KSA and even surprisingly those attackers had been treated as national hero and the mastermind of this attack Osama bin Laden was the citizen of KSA even though he was in good condition in his country after this attack, so did Pakistan. These were the States of International politics after 9/11.

Characteristics of post 9/11 attack in international politics The attacks on September 11 have great effect in international politics. The priorities of international relations, the nature of regional politics, mass destruction weapons were all affected by the epoch making terrorist attacks on America. Some characteristics of international politics after 9/11 are discussed below: 1. The invasion of Afghanistan: The 9/11 attack was led by the Al-Qaeda. In the wake of the attack of 9/11, president Bush called for a global ‘War on terror’, saying, “Our war on terror begins with Al-Qaeda, but it doesn’t end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped and defeated”( Al-jazeera,2017). After the declaration, the war in Afghanistan begins through air strikes by US government and Britain. The political structure of Afghanistan started a new era since then. 2.

The invasion of Iraq in 2003: The US and coalition forces invaded Iraq on March, 19,

2003. 3.

Institutionalization of G20:

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Unilateralism: Washington’s unilateralism had its moment in the last two or three years

after the 9/11 attacks. The unilateral government thinks that they should wage war and enact foreign policy without consulting any other countries. When a country uses unilateralism, it refuses to involve other nations in its foreign affairs. In Afghanistan, the George W. Bush administration initially didn’t support its allies. For the attack of 9/11, in Iraq, US government acted even against the advice of many of its friends.

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Rise of Islamophobia: Though Islamophobia certainly wasn’t invented in 2001, political

and social reactions to 9/11 fueled ignorance, bigotry and violence towards Muslim. In a survey from 2017, 75% Muslims are faced a lot of discrimination all over the world in big countries like the US, France, Australia, Russia etc. After the attacks, framing Islam and Muslim became the regular incidents throughout the world. 6.

Strengthening anti-terrorism laws and hardening immigration rules: Strong anti-

terrorism laws were introduced by the global government on the 3rd world countries especially in Muslim countries. As for the attack, the Muslim world framed badly by the Western government. Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya, Syria, Pakistan and other Muslim countries faced a great threat by the Western countries. Immigration process was hardened for those countries as a name of security concern.

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Was 9/11 a Paradigm Shift or Not? Paradigm shift: Paradigm shift is a concept identified by the American physicist and philosopher Thomas Kuhn. It denotes a time when the usual and accepted way of doing or thinking about something changes completely. Society has experienced changes in all its aspects. “Paradigm shift is applicable to Sociology on the basis that all aspects of Sociology are experiencing a shift from what used to be to what is obtainable” (Joshua, 2020: 83). 9/11 as paradigm shift: The international politics is at present more complex than two decades ago. 9/11 designated a qualitatively new context. The attacks reminded us the horrible scenery which began with the erosion of the bipolar world. In awake of terrorist attacks in New York and Washington on 11th September, 2001, international relations have undergone in an intensive transformation, as new coalitions have been created and old alliances have been re-evaluated. 1. War on terror era: After 9/11 attack, the US president George W. Bush first used the term ‘War on terror’. “It has been stated that ‘War on terror’ was not limited to Afghanistan and Bin Laden’s group, it would be continued against Muslim and non-Muslim countries that US considered to be supporter of terrorism” (Yazdani, 2008:42). Thus, the war on terror era started by the attacks on Iraq and Afghanistan. 2. Axis of evil: The countries who supported the US in post 9/11 era, those were called ally groups and the countries who didn’t support the US were characterized as ‘Axis of evil’. President Bush labeled Iraq, Iran and North Korea as axis of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the world. The US was using the issue of 9/11 to establish its democratic notion and apply its power in international politics. As the countries that were labeled as axis of evil were against the American ideologies, it wanted to raise voice against them picturing anti-terrorism issue.

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3. US acting as super power: After the cold war era, there was no state against the USA. It can also be seen that it was US which was giving guidance to the world. After 9/11, the US invasion of Afghanistan occurred and was supported by its close allies. The Taliban government was broken in a mere two and a half month. Thus the US war was viewed as a great success. The war in Afghanistan officially stopped on December 28, 2014 through. In 2003, invasion of Iraq was the first stage of the Iraq war. US military forces later remained in Iraq until the withdrawal in 2011. 4. Improved relation between the US and Russia: “On 24 May 2002, the ‘US-Russian Offensive Reduction Treaty’ was concluded in Moscow. This treaty does away with a strategic relationship based on the concept of mutually assured destruction. In the words of President George W. Bush, “This treaty reflects a clean and clear break from the past, and especially from the adversarial legacy of the cold war” (Kakihara, 2003: 9). At that time, they were allied, but with different objectives, serving their own national interest. 5. Rise of non-state actors: After 9/11, there is an important change in balance of power of international politics. The state to state ideology has changed into state to different ideologies and state to different organization. Some non-state actors are like terrorist groups, technology, international organization, social media which raised question about US election, different community groups such as Nakshal in India, NGO, corporate company etc. 6. Rise of weapons of terror: Though there were a lot of treaties for reducing mass destruction weapons, powerful countries are increasing their weapons day by day. After the 9/11 attack, stocks of weapons are alarmingly high. Among them, nuclear, biological and chemical arms are the most

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inhuman. If any state has nuclear weapons, others will want them. Thus, there is a competition on “Weapon of terror”. 7. Rise of regionalism: After 9/11 attack, there were seen a significant number of regional cooperative organizations. Regionalism is characterized by boundaries and demarcations characteristic to a defined and unique geography such as continents, or geopolitics such as economic blocs. Some of the regional organizations are African Union, Arab Union, European Union, Association of Southeast Asian Nations etc. 8.Western vs. Islam: The US policy towards the Muslim world after 9/11 attack has been relatively formulized in the framework of the Huntington’s theory of ‘Clash of civilization’ which included a clash between Islam and the West in general and the US in particular. “Rodinson for example, has pointed out that the Muslim were a threat to Western Christendom long before they became a problem” (Yazdani, 2008:40). President Bush termed Iran, Iraq as ‘Axis of evil’, but Saudi Arabia is termed as their friend. Thus, there are seen two contradictory policies towards Islamic world for their own interest. 9. Rise of Islamophobia in Europe: “Islamophobia is a modern phenomenon having roots in the integration of Muslim communities and intensifying after 9/11” (Mrda, 2014:8). After 9/11 attack, there has been a significant increase in calculated discrimination, illicit labeling and even physical violence towards Muslim.

In this way, current American international behavior represents a return to cold war styles of thinking and acting even if developments in technology and communication have radically

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changed their implementation. But at present, its war is against Islam and Islamic civilization as it thinks Islam as a threat. From those discussions, 9/11 can be said as a paradigm shift.

Evolving Pattern of Terrorism after 9/11 Attack Emerging trends of international terrorism: Terrorism means premediate, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience. The term international terrorism means terrorism involving citizens or the territory of more than one country. There is not one definition of terrorism but there is general agreement that the phenomenon of terrorism has many different elements.Terrorism is an instrument or tactic of certain groups whether state or non state actors to achieve certain goals by spreading fear. The direct targets are not the main target of terrorism. Terrorists wanted to attract a lot of attention.For instance,the main target of 9/11 was not those 3000 people who died in that attack. The main targets were you and I who were watching these horrible pictures of people being killed in New York, Washington. Around 100 years the shape of international politics was state to state interaction but it turns into asymmetric involving non state actors as a new entity in post 9/11 era. International terrorism has gone through some tactical changes both in respect of stimulant and response after 9/11 attack.

Evolving pattern of terrorism: 1. Spatial expanse: In post 9/11 era, there is a huge change in trends of terrorism. It has spread from its traditional area to new area. Its traditional area was limited in Palestine, Israel,

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Chechnya, but now its new areas are Indonesia, Philippines, Iraq, North and East Africa. Terrorist incidents have increased in number nearly 460% since 2002, 55% of all attacks and 62% of all casualties occurred in merely three countries- Iraq, Pakistan, Afghanistan. Some terrorist groups are: Al-Qaeda and Taliban – Pakistan and Afghanistan Islamic state of Iraq – Iraq Al-Shabab – Somaliya and Kenya. 2. Shift in pattern of attacks and terror targets: Before the 9/11 attack, security forces and symbols of the government were the primary goal of the terrorist attacks. In present time, it is difficult to enter the security apparatus of the government. So, the main target of the terrorist is to create civilian casualties as it is difficult to ensure safeguard to each people. Another trend of the terrorist is to attack insurgency afflicted area to detect smaller number of miscreants. The civilian targets in recent years means that terrorists want to spread intimidation, create fear, disruption of economic activity and discouraging foreign investment. 3. Adaptations in tactics and technological upgradation: At present, terrorists use suicide bombings and improvised explosive devices. Daily use items such as pressure cookers, mobile phones are used for preparing the IEDS and the terrorists used to cope up with remote controlled devices. Female terrorists are being conceals explosive in their body parts to avoid detention. They have enhanced the use of cyberspace and satellite phones for communication, propaganda and online recruitment for prospective foot soldiers. Social networking sites and radical jihadist websites are used for coded communication.

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4. Fast emulation of successful terrorist groups operating in different parts of the world: There are some similarity in various terrorist groups operating in different parts of the world although there are no connection between them. New trend is that terrorist can easily replicate the tactics taken by other groups. “The use of vehicle borne IEDS was maximized by the AlQaeda in Iraq and it has become common in all areas of conflict, but still Iraq accounts for maximum number.” (Lewis, 2013:4).

5. Diffusion of Self-Motivated and Propelled cells: Another universal trend in global terror tactics is the carrying out of attacks by small cells of self-motivated individuals. These individuals are often first timers and easily elude the eyes of intelligence and security agencies.Chances of interception in such plots are minimal because the attackers are less connected with their handlers and they have freedom of decision in selection of targets. The terrorist groups who sponsor these attacks are satisfied with small scales attacks because large scale attacks require greater resources, time and activation of larger cells which have become difficult in the wake of enhanced international counter-terrorist activities.These Individuals terrorists are readily available to terrorists groups for executing reconnaissance and other logistical assistance for major plots. An illustration is that of Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh, a British national of Pakistani origin who gained worldwide attention for his role in the beheading of the Wall Street Journal reporter, Daniel Pearl in Karachi in 2002. Omar had served multiple terrorist outfits such as Al Qaeda, Harkat-ul-Mujahideen in his global assignments.

6. Lone Wolf Phenomenon: Several individual and isolated cells are believed to be present in Europe and North America. Most individuals employed in such cells have either been selfmotivated by watching radical Islamist propaganda material on the internet or have got

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brainwashed in mosques. The 2004 Madrid train and 2005 London bombings reflect the modus operandi adopted by Al Qaeda. The London attack was claimed by an organization calling itself ‘The Secret Organization of Al Qaeda in Europe’ and prior to the London bombings, the ‘Abu Hafs Al Misri Brigades' had posted a message on several Islamist websites stating : “We ask all waiting mujahideen, wherever they are, to carry out the planned attack.(The National , 2010). In the US, the phenomenon of self-motivated or individual “lone wolf” operatives is more pronounced where between 1997 and 2011,171 individuals (including 9/11 attackers) have been charged for plotting to commit terrorist attacks. The impact of global terrorism has also led to incidents where individuals motivated by radical Islamist propaganda and global events such as the US led military interventions in the Muslim world have carried out attacks in their home countries even though they had no linkages with terrorist groups. For example, Boston Marathon bombing on 15 April,2013,Holey Artisan Bakery attack on July 1,2016 and suicide bombing on 29 April ,2019 by National Thowheeth Jama'ah, a local islamist militant group. 7. Trans-national linkages of individual Jihadists: “At least 7000 foreign fighters from 50 countries mainly from Europe and Middle East but also from countries as far as Indonesia and Australia are suspected to have joined the conflict in Syria” (Antiwar.com,2014). This has not only strengthened the Al Nusra and Islamic State in Iraq & Syria (ISIS) involved in the sectarian conflict but also underscores the impact of radicalization on individual Jihadists to rally behind a common purpose.Some relentless jihadists could pose a devastating terror threat to their home countries. The trans-national linkage to terrorism in Europe is emerged by the fact that in almost all of the major terror attacks that were executed, some of the potential attackers had travelled to Afghanistan or Pakistan to receive training and additional indoctrination.

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8. Terror Financing: Because of global efforts at identifying and freezing channels of terrorist funding, terrorists are relying tremendously on narcotics and counterfeit smuggling. This has grown bonding between criminal and terror groups. At present, terror groups are increasingly relying on mobile and internet banking facilities and hawala channels to avoid detection by intelligence agencies. They have also launched a online campaign to seek donations from Muslims across the world. Money is often transferred by sponsors via individuals residing in foreign countries to the bank accounts of their relatives in the destination country. Western Union money transfers are a common channel for making such transfers. Though global intelligence agencies have succeeded in cutting off such money flows, the sheer magnitude of bank accounts makes it impossible to detect every transaction. 9. Implicating of Political agenda of Radicals and Terrorists: The multiple blasts on July 7, 2013 in Bodh Gaya in India, which is the most worshiped shrine for Buddhists in the world is illustrative of the global nature of terrorist threat being encountered today. Several Jihadist outfits including the Al Qaeda and Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) had bowed to avenge the killings of Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar though none of these groups had any presence in that country. Indian intelligence agencies have evidence to suggest that the LeT which has already spread its tentacles in Maldives and Sri Lanka is now attempting to recruit Rohingyas from Myanmar into its fold (Bagchi, 2013). The enmeshing of global jihadist elements has been proven by Intelligence Report of an Al Qaeda bomb making expert having gone to Bangladesh earlier this year to train Rohingya Muslims and that two members of a radical outfit calling itself Rohingya Solidarity Association (RSA) return to the Arakan from London in January 2013 allegedly to conduct terrorist activities (Gupta, 2013).

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Security Situation in Post 9/11 1. Domination of terrorism and anti-terrorism campaign: With the help of the "transmission mechanism" of the super power, the US, the latter impacts of terrorism has been obviously risen when attacked on the world community in an unexampled way. After 9/11attack, International networks have played an important role in the Islamic resurgence of recent years. Especially in the Europe, Muslims Diasporas have been key nodes in the funding and operations of extremist and terrorists groups. Ironically, the activities of these groups have been facilitated by the reluctance of Western Security and Law Enforcement agencies. It has become apparent that Muslims Diasporas in countries such as Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Spain, and Belgium have been implicated as important hubs of Al-Qaeda operations recruitment (Ashley. j, 1997). Now-adays, the expansion of anti-terrorism campaign is a social mark on the current global international relations given by the US. It felt concerned about the way that the US dealt with Iraq crisis. The ending of this crisis can be considered as a reliable test on US hegemony and its dominated world order. a) Monitoring activities of Rogue States: It is one of the most effective way for counter terrorism measurement. It is mainly worked in regard to accounting for measures undertaken by rough states or states suspected to nurturing terror groups in their territorial boundary and also investigate that states receives support from any state institutions for evolving terror or not. The same principles which are adopted for dispatching UN weapons inspectors to Iran, North Korea, Iraq or more recently to Syria for investigating use of chemical weapons. b) Military action against proscribed terror groups: The UN Security Council should allow an affected nation state or permit a collective grouping of affected countries or states

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whose citizens have been killed in a terror attack even outside their territorial borders to undertake military action against terrorist hideouts or leaders based in a third country. The UN should give legitimacy these such major military attacks. In this case, if a country failed to check the activities of terrorist organization or it's in the military control and the states couldn’t tackle the situation of those terror group, UN should assist that country to take independent military action against them and also provide necessary element. c) Economic and military aid to weak nation states: A very effective measures should be taken by the international community in providing enough aid to the weak states. Strict pre-conditions and verification mechanisms must be in place to ensure that aid is utilized only for countering terrorism. Major vulnerabilities exist in the mechanisms of coastal defense and port security in several countries which could be exploited by terrorists to launch attacks on a different country. d) Actions to check nuclear proliferation: The nuclear non-proliferation regime led by the IAEA needs to be more proactive in monitoring proliferation of nuclear material by states as well as non-state actors. The UN must also initiate steps to draft a convention on use of CBRN weapons by terrorist organizations. It’s the larger responsibility of the world community to strive for the goal of nuclear disarmament and in the interim discourage and disincentive weak nuclear nation states. 2. Increasing race of Armaments: The new strategy of US national security specially emphasizes that the US, based on current military power that is for greater than ordinary powers, must enhance its striking and deterrent power to an extent that make any potential adversaries terrified. It continues to present US actions as a war against Islam and will attempt to use them to destabilize moderate governments. The year 2002 might be the fastest year that the military expenditure

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among major powers have grown since the cold war ended. After 9/11 attack, the US not only announced to withdraw from the anti-ballistic missile treaty, signed by the US and Soviet Union in 1972, but also put forward aggressively the Nuclear Posture Review (Rashid, 2002).

3. Emergence of Euro-Asian continent as the hotcake in the realm of international political arena: The 9/11 attack in 2001 shifted attention of the Bush Administration to the war on terror with the US military getting bogged down in two wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. The Obama administration sought to end both wars and withdraw US troops with mixed success. In 2011- 2012 with growing concern over China’s more assertive policy, US foreign and security policy aimed to put more military, economic and diplomatic resources towards East Asia. However, these efforts were distracted by Russia’s aggression in Ukraine, the civil war in Syria. The new Obama policy, "the pivot to Asia" (later renamed" rebalancing to Asia"), was previewed in an article Secretary of State Hilary Clinton authored in FP in November 2011 modestly entitled "America's Pacific Century"(Clinton,2011). 4. Blood for Blood policy: Since 9/11 attack, a new round of campaign has started with fighting against Terrorism and dealing with international issues at its core. Among all kinds of voices, the appeals for seeking “historical compromise”, represented by EU and the former Israeli leader Labin, and investigating in-depth and systematic sources for international Terrorism, held by some developing countries, continues to give its play. Nevertheless, in terms of influence and surging speed, they have been far less than that of another logic, that is, “a tooth for a tooth”, “return violence with violence” and “take preemptive measures by Iron-blood Policy”, which seems more powerful and more popular on current stage. In the Middle East, the revenge guided by “blood for blood” appeared around after another. Besides, the shadow of “Clash of Civilizations” has caused

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a clamor. All these facts have proved some worrisome tendency in a negative way. Although the old cold war era ended, new hostility and confrontations occurred instead.

Conclusion The 9/11 attack, led by the terrorist group named Al-Qaeda introduced a paradigm shift in international politics which gave the US a chance of exercising unilateralism. It gave birth of fear, anger most importantly Islamophobia all over the world. In post 9/11, there was a change in the pattern of terrorism. The attack redefined the idea of security that unified the global powers for their mutual benefits.

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