REVIEW JURNAL Irene

REVIEW JURNAL

Judul

Dampak pertambangan terhadap lingkungan hidup di kalimantan selatan dan

Jurnal Volume dan Halaman Tahun Penulis Reviewer

implikasinya bagi hak-hak warga negara. Jurnal Fakultas Hukum Universitas Islam Kalimantan MAAB Volume IX Nomor 1 2017 Nurul Listiyani Irene

Tanggal Tujuan Penelitian

Ririn safitri 10 September 2021 Mengetahui dampak pertambangan terhadap lingkungan hidup di kalimantan

Subjek Penelitian Metode Penelitian

selatan dan implikasinya bagi hak-hak warga negara. Dampak pertambangan terhadap lingkungan hidup penelitian yang dilaksanakan adalah penelitian hukum normative sosiologis, yakni penelitian mengenai dampak pertambangan batubara terhadap lingkungan hidup dalam kaitannya dengan hak kolektif dari masyarakat akan lingkungan hidup yang baik dan sehat. Guna mendapatkan data dalam penelitian, peneliti menggunakan 2 (dua) jenis data, yaitu : a. data primer, yaitu data yang diperoleh secara langsung dari narasumber/ responden (field research). b. data sekunder, yaitu data yang didapatkan dari hasil penelitian pustaka (library research), di mana peneliti mengumpulkan dan mempelajari peraturanperaturan dan tulisan-tulisan yang berkaitan dengan lingkungan hidup, pertambangan dan Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM). Untuk mengumpulkan data dalam penelitian ini, peneliti melakukan dengan teknik sebagai berikut : a. untuk mengumpulkan data primer (field research) dan mengumpulkan data

Hasil Penelitian

sekunder (library research). Tambang batubara merupakan salah satu sumber daya alam yang memberikan kontribusi sangat berarti bagi pembangunan perekonomian di Indonesia. Permasalahan lain yang muncul dalam pengelolaannya adalah karena sebagian besar tambang batubara tersebut berada dalam kawasan hutan lindung dan kawasan hutan produksi. Data dari Kementerian Kehutananyang dirilis sejak tahun 2008 bahwa perizinan pertambangan menggelembung semakin tidak terkontrol sejak era otonomi daerah. Sekitar 6-7 Izin Usaha Pertambangan dikeluarkan setiap harinya, luas kawasan hutan yang digunakan untuk IUP eksplorasi sekitar

402.655,98 hektar, sedangkan kawasan untuk IUP Operasi produksi sekitar 191.433,04 ha. Pertambangan memiliki peran penting dalam pembangunan dengan menghasilkan bahan-bahan baku untuk industri, penyerapan tenaga kerja, sebagai sumber devisa negara, dan meningkatkan pendapatan asli daerah. Pada sisi lain, pertambangan juga menghasilkan berbagai dampak buruk terhadap lingkungan. Secara umum dampak pertambangan terhadap lingkungan adalah penurunan produktivitas lahan, kepadatan tanah bertambah, terjadinya erosi dan sedimentasi, terjadinya gerakan tanah atau longsoran, terganggunya flora dan fauna, terganggunya kesehatan masyarakat serta berdampak terhadap perubahan iklim mikro. Sedangkan dampak pasca tambang yang terjadi adalah, perubahan morfologi dan topografi lahan, perubahan bentang alam (bentuk bentang alam pada lahan bekas tambang biasanya tidak teratur, menimbulkan lubang-lubang terjal, gundukan tanah bekas timbunan alat Kesimpulan

berat), lahan menjadi tidak produktif dan rawan potensi longsor. Dari analisis terhadap 2 (dua) masalah hukum yang peneliti angkat dalam penelitian ini maka peneliti dapat menarik kesimpulan bahwa: 1. Kegiatan pertambangan batubara sebagai salah satu pemanfaatan sumber daya alam pada dasarnya merupakan bagian dari pelaksanaan pembangunan perekonomian yang pada hakekatnya mengacu pada tujuan pembangunan nasional, yakni peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Akan tetapi pertambangan merupakan kegitan yang sangat rentan terhadap resiko pencemaran dan kerusakan lingkungan hidup, sehingga pemerintah sebagai konsekuensi dari Hak Menguasai Negara atas Sumber Daya Alam wajib menyelenggaraan fungsi mengatur, mengurus dan mengawasi terhadap pengelolaan sumber daya alam. 2. Ditinjau dari aspek HAM, pelaksanaan hak-hak yang ada dalam lingkup hak asasi lingkungan berupa : hak pembangunan dan hak penggunaan kekayaan dan sumber alam (batubara) tidak boleh sama sekali mengurangi hak setiap warga negara atas lingkungan hidup yang baik dan sehat seperti

Kekuatan Penelitian

yang diamantkan dalam Pasal 28H ayat (1) UUD NRI 1945 dan UUPPLH. Data yang diperoleh dari penelitian sangat baik, karna disertai dengan hasil wawancara dengan beberapa narasumber dan di lengkapi dengan gambar sebagai penguat hasil peneitian. Literatur yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini sudah tergolong banyak sehinggs penguatan secara teori sudah cukup.

Kelemahan Penelitian

Pembahasan penulis terlalu Panjang sehingga pembaca akan merasa bosan dalam membaca.

Judul

Kajian dampak timbunan sampah terhadap lingkungan di tempat pembuangan

Jurnal Volume dan Halaman Tahun Penulis Reviewer

akhir (tpa) putri cempo Surakarta. Jurnal EKOSAINS Vol. 6, No. 3 2014 Tri Sukrorini, Sri Budiastuti, Ari Handono Ramelan dan Frans Pither Kafiar Irene

Tanggal Tujuan Penelitian

Ririn safitri 10 September 2021 Penelitian ini bertujuan: (1) Untuk mengevaluasi dampak lingkungan yang timbul akibat pembuangan sampah di TPA Putri Cempo. (2) Mempelajari pengelolaan sampah TPA Putri Cempo yang diatur melalui PERDA SURAKARTA Nomor 3 Tahun 2010. (3) Mempelajari penanganan jumlah

Subjek Penelitian Metode Penelitian

sampah yang selalu berlebih. Dampak timbunan sampah terhadap lingkungan Data penelitian diperoleh dengan observasi langsung, wawancara, kajian literatur arsip/dokumen resmi yang relevan dan dianalisis dengan “Metode

Hasil Penelitian

Matriks Fisher dan Davies”, serta “Analisis Resiko Lingkungan”. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Evaluasi dampak seluruh komponen lingkungan Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA) Sampah Putri Cempo, baik komponen geofisik, biotis dan sosekbudkesmas berdampak positif, yaitu: (+0,1), (+0,14) dan (+0,22). Artinya dari komponen geofisik terutama struktur tanah menjadi lebih gembur dan subur. Komponen biotik, terutama sapi potong jumlah populasinya meningkat dan kesuburan tanah semakin baik akibat bertambahnya mikroorganisme tanah sampah. Sedangkan pada komponen sosekbudkesmas terutama tingkat pendidikan, mata pencaharian dan kegiatan ekonomi meningkat tajam. Rata – rata selisih dampak seluruh komponen sebesar (+0,15). Berarti dampak yang timbul akibat kegiatan pengelolaan sampah sangat berpengaruh terhadap kehidupan masyarakat di sekitar TPA Putri Cempo. Pengelolaan sampah terdiri dari pengurangan dan penanganan. Pengurangan sampah berupa: (1) Kegiatan pembatasan timbunan sampah, (2) Pendaur-ulangan sampah, dan (3) Pemanfaatan kembali sampah. Penanganan sampah meliputi: (1) Pemilahan sampah sesuai jenis, jumlah dan sifat sampah. (2) Pengumpulan sampah dari sumber sampah ke tempat penampungan sementara. (3) Pengangkutan sampah dari tempat penampungan sementara menuju ke tempat pemrosesan akhir. (4) Pengelolaan untuk mengubah karakteristik, komposisi dan jumlah sampah.

(5) Pemrosesan akhir sampah dalam bentuk pengembalian sampah dan residu hasil pengelolaan sebelumnya ke media lingkungan secara aman. Penanganan jumlah sampah yang selalu berlebih di TPA Putri Cempo oleh DKP Kota Surakarta dengan melibatkan masyarakat pemulung dan ternak sapi. Pengelolaan sampah tersebut dapat memberikan sisi positif terhadap lingkungan di sekitar TPA Putri Cempo, 200 masyarakat pemulung dan 900 ekor ternak sapi dapat mengurangi volume timbunan sampah masingmasing Kekuatan Penelitian

sekitar 20 ton/hari dan 11 ton/hari. Data yang disajikan penulis sangat lengkap, disertai gambar, tabel dan grafik sehigga lebih mudah dipahami. Literatur yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini sudah tergolong banyak

Kelemahan Penelitian

Judul Jurnal Volume & Halaman Tahun Penulis Reviewer

sehinggs penguatan secara teori sudah cukup. -

Socio-economic and environmental impact of mining on woman in Kasigau mining zone in Taita Taveta County Journal of Sustainable Mining Vol. 14, Hal. 197-204 2017 Maarifa Ali Mwakumanya, Mwikamba Maghenda, Hamida Juma Ririn Safitri

Tanggal

Tujuan Penelitian

Subjek Penelitian

Metode Penelitian

Langkah Penelitian

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Irene 10 September 2021

This study aims to establish what socio-economic implication of the mining sector on woman are and create awareness of environmental integrity and female participation in the mining sector in the Kasugai mining area in Taita Taveta County through a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach. The study was conducted in the rural artisanal mining communities of Kasigau Ward. Seven villages around Kasigau Hill, namely; Buguta, Kiteghe, Makwasinyi, Bungule, Jora, Rukanga and Kisimenyi. Seven villages and forty nine households participated in household interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and female feedback reflection meetings togenerate and analyze data. The PAR approach was adapted to ensure participation and empowerment of the stakeholders throughout the bottom-up research process and also that the participants ‘owned’ and implemented the action strategies to resolve the challenges they face. Unlike conventional research that generates knowledge and solutions to research problems, PAR engages the respondents further and challenges them to own the research problems and the solutions. Participatory Action Research (PAR) is an ideal research process that is engaged infinding sustainable solutions to societal challenges. PAR gives direction and involves stakeholders throughout the research process right up to the point of developing actionable strategies and implementing them. Trainers of Facilitators (ToFs) to lead the process through the mobilization of women's groups, organizing inception meetings, developing research tools, conducting data collection andanalysis, and developing action strategies. The ToFs trained and engaged women from all the groups in the research process. 1. Women in mining in Kasigau The Kasigau ward consists of small scale mining communities which are employed in mining activities, as workers and as miners. Itwas observed that women had been engaged in the mining sector mostly as casual workers in the mining processes and mineral dealers with no legal mining rights (Zururas) and as marketing agents or brokers. These engagements have exposed women to different socio-economic and environmental impacts. However, they face challenges as they can be conned and cheated of the value of the minerals due to their lack of basic gemological knowledge and skills. Female casual labourers who constitute about 19% of the household women in Kasugai work long hours in the mines with meager payments, which is not a fair reflection of their efforts and the value of the minerals extracted. The operational

environment for casual labourers is also not conducive for women as they are located in the wilderness with harsh mining conditions affecting their safety and health. Women work in deplorable conditions with limited water for drinking or bathing; this, in turn, discourages women from engaging in mining 2. The socio-ekonomi status of women in Kasigau The sources of livelihood for the Kasigau community are comprised of small scale agricultural activities, trade and artisanal and small scale mining. About 45% of women in Kasigau take part in subsistence farming as their single main economic activity. Farming and livestock,and farming and artisanal mining each represent 20% of thewomen, while small scale business and farming attracts only 9% ofthe women. Basket weaving and small scale business enterprisesare taken up by only 4% of the women and only 2% of the womensolely engage in small scale business enterprises in Kasigau. Mining activities areincreasingly becoming an economic activity that women take partin, although typically concurrently with other sources of income,probably due to the unpredictably low income from artisanal mining in the area. Althoung doing plant, the mowan here also working in mining with combine those activity. 3. Ownership of land and mining sites According to the PAR findings, about 73% of women do not own land in Kasigau due to the oppressive and parochial cultural practices. This is one reason why women are not economically empowered as they lack the means of production. Culturally it can be observed that woman do not participate in decision-making matters. Owning land empowers the woman to use it independently, a decision that should be made by a man in such a discriminative socio-cultural setup. Consequently 78% of the households' women in Kasigau do not own mining sites. This is probably due to the cultural practices and the fact that mining activities are not one of the core activities of women. The mining sites in Kasigau are located in the wilderness in ranches and national parks, which are often inaccessible by roads except by feeder pathways. It is difficult for women to walk long distance in the wilderness as it exposes them to the dangers of wild animal attacks. The infrastructure and facilities in the mines are extremely poor. There is inadequate basic equipment and tools to enable women to work effectively and they lack basic occupational health and safety facilities, exposing woman to pollution and other environmental hazards. There is no personal protective gear in the artisanal mines and a lack of adequate life savers and first aid kits exposes women to physical injuries and psychological stress. Female miners have no basic training on occupational health and safety issues, thus they are unable to protect themselves in the

event of the occurrence of a hazard. The mining activities have contributed immensely to environmental degradation due to the clearance of vegetation to establish mining sites. 4. Level of compliance with regulations and standards It can be observed that mine workers lack basic personal protective facilities such as helmets, gloves and hearing protection. The mining tunnels are not adequately reinforced and could collapse at any moment while the mining site has an abundance of open pits and tailings which exposes the female workers to occupational health and safety hazards. The environmental regulations and standards are clear concerning the ideal conditions of mining sites to ensure the health and safety of the workers and the integrity of the environment of such sites. However, the county and national standards and guidelines are not adequately observed in mining sites, especially in those that are located in places that are inaccessible to enforcement agencies. 5. Challenges in the mining sector in Kasigau The challenges are enormous and they need empowered and united communities of women to tackle them. Stakeholders should come to the rescue of women through educating, sensitizing and encouraging women to participating in high value end activities. However, women believe that there are collective strategies that will help them overcome the challenges 6. Actionable Strategies to empower woman The PAR process generated actionable strategies that empower women to tackle the challenges and productively engage in the mining sector. Women have the potential to reap benefits from the mining sector when they are adequately empowered and facilitated. Education, training and awareness are critical elements of the empowerment that women need in order to galvanize themselves to support and facilitate each other. It is evident that woman in Kasigau are vulnerable to social, economic and environmental injustices and that they understand the challenges and have realized the need to take action to improve their health, safety and social wellbeing. Kekuatan Penelitian

Kelemahan Penelitian Kesimpulan

The strength of this research is that the researcher conducts research directly in the field and conducts interviews with the right sources, namely directly to women in the area. So that much can be obtained and can be known from the solutions to the problems that occur. The weakness of this research is that there are too many result and discussions and those that are discussed are long enough to make the reader bored. Most women are involved in mining as “Zururas” with no formal

training, equipment or licenses to undertake mining activities because of low income and high levels of poverty. This scenario is similar to many other mining areas in Taita Taveta County, as stated by women from outside the Kasigau mining areas. Women in Kasigau need support and facilitation, to enhance their potential, through education and training, awareness and advocacy on land ownership issues, mining rights, mineral and value addition, and environmental sustainability. This will in turn lead to effective engagement in the artisanal mining sector. It should be noted that organized women's groups can create networks within these groups and with other groups from outside Kasigau, which can lead to advocacy, campaigning and lobbying for female empowerment in the artisanal mining sector. The PAR process has enabled women to internalize the challenges in the artisanal mining sector and has enabled them to devise strategies to change the situation through socioeconomic, legal and environmental empowerment.